Table 1.

Overview of AMPs from different sources in nature and the current status of research.

AMPs from Microorganism
Class	Source	Peptide Name	Biological activity	Studies	Reference
Bacteriocin	Bacteria Bacillus spp.	Mersacidin	Antibacterial	In vivo	Jenssen et al., 2006 Kruszewska et al., 2004
Bacteriocin	Bacteria Lactobacillus gasseri	Lactocillin	Antibacterial	In vitro	Magana et al., 2020 Donia et al., 2014
Bacteriocin	Bacteria Lactococcus lactis	Nisin	Antibacterial	Clinical practice	Dijksteel et al., 2021
Bacteriocin	Bacteria Bacillus subtilis	Ericin	Antibacterial	In vitro	Sharma et al., 2018
Defensin	Fungi Penicillium chrysogenum	PAF	Antifungal	In vivo	Kaiserer et al., 2003 Barna et al., 2008 Marx, 2004 Palicz et al., 2016
Defensin	Fungi Aspergillus giganteus	AFP	Antifungal	In vitro	Hegedüs and Marx, 2013 Krishnamurthy et al., 2020
AMPs from Plants
Defensin	Phaseolus vulgaris	PvD1	Antifungal	In vitro	Mello et al., 2011 do Nascimento et al., 2015
Defensin	Persea americana	PaDef	Antibacterial	In vitro	Guzmán-Rodríguez et al., 2013
Thionin	Triticum aestivum	α1-purothionin	Antibacterial	In vitro	de Caleya et al., 1972 Oard et al., 2012
Snakin	Ziziphus jujuba	Snakin-Z	Antifungal	In vitro	Daneshmand et al., 2013 Meneguetti et al., 2017
AMPs from Insects
Cecropin	Hyalophora cecropia	CecA	Antibacterial	In vitro	Wu Q. et al., 2018 Wang et al., 2017
Cecropin	Spodoptera litura	Spodopsin Ia	Antibacterial	Discovery	Choi et al., 1997
Defensin	Drosophila melanogaster	Drosomycin	Antifungal	In vitro	Landon et al., 1997 Fehlbaum et al., 1994
Proline-rich AMPs	Apis mellifera	Abaecin	Antibacterial	In vitro	Casteels et al., 1990 Luiz et al., 2017
Attacin	Hyphantria cunea	Attacin-B	Antibacterial	In vitro	Kwon et al., 2008
Glycine-rich AMPs	Drosophila melanogaster	Diptericin	Antibacterial	In vitro	Verma and Tapadia, 2012 Wicker et al., 1990
AMPs from Animals
Cathelicidin	Bovine	BMAP-28	Antibacterial	In vivo	Risso et al., 2002 Benincasa et al., 2003
Brevinin	Rana boylii	Brevinin-1BYa	Antifungal	In vivo	Conlon et al., 2003 Liu et al., 2017
Cathelicidin	Pig	Protegrin-1	Antibacterial	In vitro	Soundrarajan et al., 2019 Huynh et al., 2018
AMPs from Humans
Cathelicidin	Human granulocytes	hCAP18/LL-37	Antibacterial	Clinical trial	Leszczynska et al., 2013
Defensin	Human monocytes	hBD1 hBD2 hBD3	Antibacterial	In vivo	Levón et al., 2015 Maiti et al., 2014
Histatin	Human saliva	Histatin-1	Antibacterial Antifungal	Clinical practice	Khurshid et al., 2017