Table 7.
On-ramp effect estimates, baseline DDD specification with alternate controls.
Linear probability model (DV=Medicaid participation)
| Baseline specification | State and year fixed effects only | Baseline + disability | Baseline + own home | Baseline + any non-housing assets | Baseline + SSI receipt | Baseline + other potentially endogenous variables | Baseline + all | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
| Age 65 x Post 2015 x Expansion | 0.040* | 0.042** | 0.041** | 0.036* | 0.040** | 0.041** | 0.039* | 0.039** |
| (0.020) | (0.020) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.019) | (0.018) | (0.021) | (0.017) | |
| Post 2015 x Expansion | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 0.008 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.012) | |
| Expansion x Age 65 | 0.007 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.011 | 0.018* |
| (0.014) | (0.015) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.010) | (0.013) | (0.009) | |
| Post 2015 x Age 65 | −0.008 | −0.004 | −0.010 | −0.002 | −0.007 | −0.012 | −0.011 | −0.010 |
| (0.016) | (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.015) | (0.014) | (0.014) | (0.017) | (0.013) | |
| Ambulatory diff. | 0.135*** | 0.057*** | ||||||
| (0.009) | (0.008) | |||||||
| Cognitive diff. | 0.128*** | 0.057*** | ||||||
| (0.011) | (0.007) | |||||||
| Ind. living diff. | 0.098*** | 0.038*** | ||||||
| (0.011) | (0.010) | |||||||
| Self-care diff. | 0.041*** | 0.033*** | ||||||
| (0.009) | (0.009) | |||||||
| Vision diff. | 0.037*** | 0.010 | ||||||
| (0.011) | (0.011) | |||||||
| Hearing diff. | −0.003 | −0.008 | ||||||
| (0.008) | (0.009) | |||||||
| Own home | −0.231*** | −0.133*** | ||||||
| (0.012) | (0.009) | |||||||
| Any non-housing assets | −0.182*** | −0.089*** | ||||||
| (0.011) | (0.008) | |||||||
| Receives SSI | 0.597*** | 0.504*** | ||||||
| (0.023) | (0.026) | |||||||
| Employed | −0.137*** | −0.032*** | ||||||
| (0.008) | (0.009) | |||||||
| Married | −0.217*** | −0.114*** | ||||||
| (0.012) | (0.014) | |||||||
| Widowed | −0.117*** | −0.068*** | ||||||
| (0.015) | (0.012) | |||||||
| Separated/Divorced | −0.023** | −0.009 | ||||||
| (0.011) | (0.008) | |||||||
| Income ($10K, 2017) | −0.000*** | −0.000 | ||||||
| (0.000) | (0.000) | |||||||
| State unemp. rate | 0.001 | −0.005 | ||||||
| (0.004) | (0.004) | |||||||
| Share of state Medicare enrollees in Med. Adv. | 0.085 | −0.081 | ||||||
| (0.143) | (0.111) | |||||||
| Observations | 51,314 | 51,314 | 51,314 | 51,314 | 51,314 | 51,314 | 51,314 | 51,314 |
| DV mean | 0.422 | 0.422 | 0.422 | 0.422 | 0.422 | 0.422 | 0.422 | 0.422 |
Notes: The sample consists of respondents to the 2010-17 ACS who are age 65, 68, or 69, are income-eligible for Medicaid according to the criteria in their state of residence, and do not reside in a state that expanded Medicaid in 2015, 2016, or 2017. The baseline specification includes controls for black race, other race, Hispanic ethnicity, female, naturalized citizenship status, and education (high school diploma, some college, and college degree or more), age fixed effects, state fixed effects, and year fixed effects. Sample weights are used in model estimation. Standard errors clustered by state are reported in parentheses. Statistical significance is indicated by
for the .01 level,
for the .05 level and
for the .10 level.