Table 1.

Clinical trials combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with VEGF/tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

Trial	Current phase	Combination therapy	Molecular targets
IMbrave150[11]	Phase III	Atezolizumab + Bevacizumab	PD-L1 + VEGF
LEAP-002[14]	Phase III	Pembrolizumab + Lenvatinib	PD-1 + VEGFR1–3, FGFR1–4, PDGFRα, KIT, RET
RESCUE[15]	Phase II	Camrelizumab + Apatinib	PD-1 + VEGFR2
VEGF Liver 100[16]	Phase I	Avelumab + Axitinib	PD-L1 + VEGFR1–3
IMMUNIB[17]	Phase II	Nivolumab + Lenvatinib	PD-1 + VEGFR1–3, FGFR1–4, PDGFRα, KIT, RET
COSMIC-312[18]	Phase III	Atezolizumab + Cabozantinib	PD-L1 + VEGFR-1–3, KIT, MET, RET, among others

PD-1 = programmed cell death protein 1, PD-L = programmed cell death-ligand 1, VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.

PDGFRα = platelet-derived growth factor receptor α, VEGFR1–3 = vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1–3, FGFR1–4 = fibroblast growth factor receptors 1–4.

KIT: proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase; RET: proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase; MET: proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase.