Table 1.

Characteristics of the participants (n = 56).

Characteristics, n (%)
Gender (male)	24 (42.9)
Age (yr), mean ± SD	63.3 ± 18.1
Main pain area
Neck	1 (1.8)
Low back	13 (23.2)
Upper limb	16 (28.6)
Lower limb	26 (46.4)
Pain duration
3 mo–1 yr	20 (35.7)
1–5 yr	16 (28.6)
over 5 yr	20 (35.7)
Analgesic use	27 (48.2)
Working	21 (47.5)
Outcome measures, mean (SD)
Neuropathic Pain Diagnostic Questionnaire, n (%)	20 (35.7)
Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire 2-total	37.2 ± 33.3
Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory-total	16.4 ± 15.0
Michigan Body Map	5.9 ± 5.2
Hospital Anxiety and Depressions Scale-total	13.6 ± 6.9
Pain Catastrophizing Scale-4	10.4 ± 3.0
The Japanese Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (Loneliness)	36.3 ± 10.5

SD = standard deviation.