Table 2.

A compilation of different published studies and reports regarding the photo-inactivation of coronaviruses using UVC irradiation.

Order	UVC exposure wavelength	UVC light intensity/irradiance	Distance from UVC source/illumination	Inactivation time/conditions	Sample/media	Reference
(a) SARS CoV-1
1.	260 nm	90 μW cm−2	80 cm	60 min	Vero-E6 cells	Dong, 2003
2.	254 nm	4016 μW cm−2	3 cm	15 min	Vero-E6 cells	Darnell et al., 2004
3.	254 nm	4016 μW cm−2	3 cm	40 min	Non-cellular blood products PBS solution, BSA protein solutions	Darnell and Taylor, 2006
4.	254 nm	200 mJ cm−2	–	Log reduction factor of ≥3.1	Platelets concentrates/ plasma	Eickmann et al., 2020
5.	222 nm	3 mJ cm−2	22 cm	25 min (99.9% inactivation)	Aerosols	Buonanno et al., 2020
(b) MERS CoV
6.	254 nm	–	1.22 m	5 min	Platelets concentrates/ plasma	Bedell et al., 2016
7.	254 nm	200 mJ cm−2	–	Log reduction factor of ≥3.7	Platelets concentrates/ plasma	Eickmann et al., 2018
(c) SARS CoV-2
8.	265 nm	6.2 J/m2	75 × 45 × 50 cm UVC chamber	log reduction of ≥3.4	Platelets concentrates/ plasma	Keil et al., 2020
9.	280 ± 5 nm	3.75 mW cm−2	2 cm	1–60 s	Aerosols	Inagaki et al., 2020
10.	254 nm	70 mJ cm−2 (estimated)	–	1 log inactivation (estimated)	Aerosols	Sagripanti and Lytle, 2020
11.	254 nm	3.7 mJ cm−2	–	3 log inactivation for low virus concentration.	Vero-E6 cells	Bianco et al., 2020
12.	254 nm	1940 mW cm−2	3 cm	Complete inactivation in 9 min	Liquid suspension	(Heilingloh et al., 2020)
13.	222 nm	0.1 mW cm−2	24 cm	2.51 log reduction (Undetectable levels) in 30 s	Liquid suspension	(Kitagawa et al., 2021)
14.	254 nm	2.2 mW cm−2	30 cm	Inactivation, by lethal dose (viral inactivation 99.999%)	Liquid suspension	(Sabino et al., 2020)
15.	PX-UV robot model PXUV4D	–	1 m	99.992% reduction in 5 min	Liquid suspension and dried samples	(Simmons et al., 2021)
16.	254 nm	1.082 mW cm−2	–	more than 3-log inactivation and inhibition of SARS CoV-2 replication	Vero-E6 cells	(Biasin et al., 2021)