Table 4.
Linear Regressions Examining Predictors of Loneliness Since the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Older Adults With Chronic Conditions.
| Loneliness | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Step 1 | Step 2 | Step 3 | Step 4 | ||||
| B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | B | SE | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Age | −.03** | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .01 | .003 | .01 |
| Gender (female) | .31 | .18 | .02 | .16 | .01 | .16 | −.11 | .16 |
| Race/ethnicity (person of color) | −.50* | .21 | −.46* | .19 | −.42* | .18 | −.57** | .19 |
| Educational attainment (bachelor’s or higher) | −.33 | .17 | −.22 | .16 | −.26 | .16 | −.28 | .15 |
| Work status (currently working) | −.57** | .18 | −.28 | .16 | −.18 | .16 | −.22 | .16 |
| Health characteristics | ||||||||
| Anxiety symptoms | .46*** | .04 | .38*** | .05 | .38*** | .05 | ||
| Depression | .26 | .16 | .25 | .16 | .17 | .16 | ||
| Self-rated physical health | −.12 | .10 | −.10 | .10 | −.09 | .09 | ||
| Number of chronic conditions | −.04 | .04 | −.05 | .04 | −.05 | .04 | ||
| Functional limitations | .03* | .02 | .03 | .02 | .02 | .02 | ||
| Pandemic-related stress | ||||||||
| Worry about COVID-19 infection | .23** | .08 | .24** | .08 | ||||
| Financial strain | .25*** | .06 | .23*** | .06 | ||||
| Total stressors | −.08 | .04 | −.05 | .04 | ||||
| Social resources | ||||||||
| Household size | −.06 | .06 | ||||||
| Spouse/cohabiting partner | −.63*** | .16 | ||||||
| Social contact since the pandemic | .05 | .07 | ||||||
| Emotional support since the pandemic | −.09* | .04 | ||||||
| Total R2 | .039 | .238 | .266 | .299 | ||||
| Change in R2 | .039*** | .200*** | .027*** | .033*** | ||||
Note. N = 701 adults.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.