Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants by total fructose and sugar-sweetened beverage intake during adolescence in the Nurses’ Health Study IIa
| Intake during adolescence |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total fructose (% of calorie) |
SSB (serving) |
|||||
| Q1 (<7.9) | Q3 (9.2–10.3) | Q5 (≥11.8) | <1/wk | 1–6/wk | ≥1/d | |
| (n = 6,598) | (n = 6,682) | (n = 6,639) | (n = 13,732) | (n = 14,545) | (n = 4,163) | |
| Age at 1998 questionnaire return (y) | 44.6 (4.4) | 44.2 (4.6) | 43.7 (4.5) | 44.2 (4.5) | 44.3 (4.5) | 43.7 (4.5) |
| Birth year, % | ||||||
| 1946–1949 | 21.8 | 21.1 | 17.3 | 42.0 | 47.0 | 11.0 |
| 1950–1954 | 21.7 | 20.2 | 18.4 | 42.6 | 45.4 | 12.0 |
| 1955–1959 | 18.9 | 19.7 | 21.2 | 42.1 | 44.5 | 13.4 |
| 1960–1965 | 16.9 | 20.4 | 23.2 | 42.5 | 42.5 | 15.0 |
| Number of endoscopies during the study period (n) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) |
| Time since most recent endoscopy (y) | 1.4 (3.8) | 1.4 (3.8) | 1.4 (3.8) | 1.4 (3.8) | 1.4 (3.8) | 1.5 (4.0) |
| Endoscopy for clinical symptoms or signsb, % | 23.4 | 22.5 | 24.3 | 21.6 | 23.9 | 25.7 |
| Adult height (inches) | 64.8 (2.6) | 64.9 (2.6) | 64.9 (2.6) | 65.0 (2.6) | 64.9 (2.6) | 64.8 (2.6) |
| BMI at age 18 y (kg/m2) | 21.4 (3.3) | 21.1 (3.0) | 21.0 (3.2) | 21.4 (3.2) | 20.9 (3.0) | 21.0 (3.4) |
| Current BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 (6.0) | 26.0 (5.8) | 26.3 (6.1) | 26.1 (6) | 26.0 (5.8) | 26.9 (6.3) |
| Smoking before 20 y of age, % | 21.9 | 21.9 | 24.0 | 19.4 | 23.2 | 30.3 |
| Current smoker, % | 6.5 | 5.6 | 6.3 | 4.7 | 5.8 | 9.2 |
| Physical activity at grades 9–12 (MET-h/wk) | 49.1 (36.1) | 51.1 (35.1) | 54.5 (37.6) | 50.0 (35.6) | 52.9 (36.5) | 54.7 (37.9) |
| Current physical activity (MET-h/wk) | 17.5 (21.1) | 19.0 (22.6) | 20.5 (26.0) | 20.4 (24.3) | 18.4 (22.0) | 17.4 (24.4) |
| Premenopause, % | 47.0 | 48.7 | 47.5 | 48.6 | 48.5 | 44.4 |
| Family history of CRC, % | 22.4 | 22.8 | 22.2 | 22.6 | 22.0 | 23.9 |
| Diabetes, % | 4.8 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 5.8 |
| Current aspirin use (≥2 d/wk), % | 12.6 | 11.3 | 13.5 | 11.8 | 12.7 | 13.9 |
| Food and nutrient intake during adolescencec | ||||||
| Unprocessed red meat (g/d) | 120 (60) | 109 (48) | 94 (46) | 102 (52) | 110 (50) | 119 (51) |
| Processed red meat (g/d) | 24 (22) | 23 (18) | 20 (17) | 20 (18) | 24 (19) | 26 (21) |
| Fruits (serving/d) | 1.0 (0.6) | 1.6 (0.8) | 2.1 (1.5) | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.0) |
| Vegetables (serving/d) | 2.7 (1.6) | 3.2 (1.7) | 3.4 (2.1) | 3.3 (1.9) | 3.1 (1.7) | 2.9 (1.7) |
| Total dairy (serving/d) | 3.0 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.3 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.5) |
| SSBs (serving/wk) | 1.1 (1.5) | 2.4 (2.6) | 7.3 (7.6) | 0.4 (0.4) | 3.2 (1.7) | 12.5 (6.7) |
| ASBs (serving/wk) | 2.8 (5.8) | 2.4 (5.1) | 2.1 (5.1) | 3.4 (6.4) | 1.5 (3.5) | 1.5 (4.5) |
| Fruit juice (serving/wk) | 2.7 (2.8) | 5.1 (3.9) | 6.7 (6.4) | 4.9 (4.7) | 5.1 (4.6) | 4.6 (4.4) |
| Total fructose (% of calorie)d | 6.7 (1.0) | 9.7 (0.3) | 13.6 (1.8) | 9.0 (2.3) | 10.1 (2.1) | 12.6 (2.7) |
| Glucose (from simple sugars, % of calorie)d | 6.7 (1.0) | 9.5 (0.6) | 13.2 (1.9) | 8.7 (2.1) | 9.8 (2.0) | 12.5 (2.7) |
| Added sugar (% of calorie)d | 9.5 (2.3) | 13.6 (2.6) | 19.9 (5.4) | 11.7 (3.6) | 14.6 (3.6) | 20.8 (5.4) |
| Total sugar (% of calorie)d | 18.7 (3.0) | 23.7 (2.0) | 30.3 (3.7) | 22.5 (4.3) | 24.3 (4.0) | 28.7 (5.1) |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 1234 (402) | 1090 (316) | 919 (272) | 1157 (373) | 1065 (320) | 925 (274) |
| Vitamin D (IU/d) | 410 (212) | 347 (178) | 283 (175) | 379 (211) | 341 (174) | 277 (163) |
| Folate (μg/d) | 301 (89) | 328 (96) | 334 (116) | 345 (112) | 316 (90) | 281 (80) |
| Fiber (g/d) | 18.6 (4.6) | 21.1 (4.6) | 22.3 (6.4) | 21.9 (5.9) | 20.4 (4.6) | 18.7 (4.2) |
| Glycemic index | 54.6 (2.9) | 54.7 (2.5) | 55.8 (2.9) | 54.1 (2.7) | 55.1 (2.4) | 57 (2.6) |
| Glycemic load | 148 (22) | 169 (16) | 196 (21) | 165 (25) | 171 (22) | 187 (25) |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 0.3 (2.3) | 0.3 (2.0) | 0.3 (1.8) | 0.2 (1.7) | 0.3 (1.7) | 0.5 (2.5) |
| Current (adult) food and nutrient intakec, e | ||||||
| Unprocessed red meat (g/d) | 58 (35) | 56 (33) | 53 (33) | 51 (33) | 58 (33) | 64 (35) |
| Processed red meat (g/d) | 8 (7) | 8 (7) | 7 (7) | 7 (7) | 8 (7) | 9 (8) |
| Fruits (serving/d) | 1.1 (0.7) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.4 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.8) | 1.1 (0.8) |
| Vegetables (serving/d) | 3.4 (1.8) | 3.7 (1.8) | 3.8 (2.2) | 3.8 (2.0) | 3.6 (1.8) | 3.5 (1.9) |
| Total dairy (serving/d) | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.2 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | 2.1 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.1) |
| SSBs (serving/wk) | 2.0 (3.4) | 2.6 (3.9) | 4.1 (6.0) | 1.7 (2.8) | 3.2 (4.2) | 5.4 (7.2) |
| ASBs (serving/wk) | 6.3 (7.9) | 5.9 (7.4) | 6.8 (8.6) | 6.0 (7.7) | 5.6 (7.1) | 8.3 (9.5) |
| Fruit juice (serving/wk) | 3.6 (3.7) | 4.7 (4.2) | 5.3 (5.0) | 4.5 (4.3) | 4.8 (4.3) | 4.3 (4.2) |
| Total fructose (% of calorie)d | 8.4 (2.6) | 9.4 (2.6) | 10.6 (3.2) | 9.1 (2.5) | 9.7 (2.8) | 10.2 (3.7) |
| Glucose (from simple sugars, % of calorie)d | 8.2 (2.5) | 9.2 (2.4) | 10.3 (3.0) | 8.8 (2.4) | 9.4 (2.6) | 10.0 (3.5) |
| Added sugar (% of calorie)d | 9.8 (4.4) | 10.9 (4.5) | 12.6 (6.0) | 9.9 (4.0) | 11.5 (4.9) | 13.3 (6.8) |
| Total sugar (% of calorie)d | 21.4 (5.6) | 23.0 (5.4) | 24.8 (6.4) | 22.6 (5.4) | 23.4 (5.7) | 24.0 (7.2) |
| Calcium (mg/d) | 1239 (421) | 1228 (406) | 1173 (427) | 1274 (418) | 1189 (397) | 1100 (403) |
| Vitamin D (IU/d) | 443 (219) | 432 (212) | 409 (222) | 452 (220) | 418 (206) | 381 (209) |
| Folate (μg/d) | 562 (208) | 573 (204) | 577 (214) | 598 (214) | 562 (200) | 525 (200) |
| Fiber (g/d) | 19.2 (4.7) | 20.0 (4.8) | 20.1 (5.4) | 20.9 (5.2) | 19.4 (4.6) | 18.0 (4.6) |
| Alcohol (g/d) | 4.4 (7.0) | 4.4 (6.5) | 4.0 (6.3) | 4.3 (6.5) | 4.3 (6.4) | 4.5 (7.3) |
CRC, colorectal cancer; SSB, sugar-sweetened beverage; ASB, artificially sweetened beverage; BMI, body mass index; IU, international units; MET, metabolic equivalent of tasks; Q, quintile
a
Means (SD) are presented for continuous variables; percentages for categorical variables. All variables other than age in 1998 and birth year were standardized to the age distribution of the study population.
b
Includes bleeding in stool, positive test for occult fecal blood, diarrhea or constipation, and abdominal pain.
c
Nutrients are energy-adjusted values unless otherwise indicated.
d
From mono- and disaccharide sugars. Total sugar intake was sum of free fructose, free glucose, sucrose, and maltose intake.
e
Intake from 1999 food frequency questionnaire.