. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Gastroenterology. 2021 Mar 19;161(1):128–142.e20. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.028

Table 4.

Multivariable odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of low- and high-risk colorectal adenoma according to total fructose and sugar-sweetened beverage intake during adolescence in the Nurses’ Health Study II, 1998–2015

	Total fructose intake during adolescence, % of calorie						Per 5% of calorie increase
	Q1 (<7.9)	Q2 (7.9–<9.2)	Q3 (9.2–<10.3)	Q4 (10.3–<11.8)	Q5 (≥11.8)	P_trend	Per 5% of calorie increase

Low-risk adenoma^a
N_cases/N_controls^b	346/9795	316/9807	342/9765	307/9776	317/9809
Multivariable^c	1 (ref)	0.95 (0.81–1.12)	1.07 (0.90–1.26)	1.00 (0.83–1.20)	1.07 (0.88–1.30)	.41	1.07 (0.92–1.24)
High-risk adenoma^a
N_cases	131	152	149	168	158
Multivariable	1 (ref)	1.24 (0.97–1.59)	1.25 (0.97–1.62)	1.49 (1.15–1.94)	1.40 (1.06–1.86)	.012	1.30 (1.06–1.60)
Proximal
N_cases	82	72	75	78	79
Multivariable	1 (ref)	0.99 (0.71–1.38)	1.08 (0.77–1.52)	1.23 (0.85–1.77)	1.30 (0.89–1.89)	.11	1.28 (0.95–1.72)
Distal
N_cases	62	71	82	85	89
Multivariable	1 (ref)	1.17 (0.82–1.68)	1.37 (0.95–1.98)	1.46 (1.02–2.10)	1.44 (0.97–2.14)	.052	1.33 (1.00–1.78)
Rectal
N_cases	26	39	28	49	35
Multivariable	1 (ref)	1.65 (0.99–2.77)	1.23 (0.70–2.15)	2.35 (1.38–4.02)	1.65 (0.93–2.92)	.055	1.47 (0.99–2.19)

	Sugar-sweetened beverage intake during adolescence, servings						Per 1 serving/day increase
	<1/week	1–6/week	1/day	≥2/day		P_trend	Per 1 serving/day increase

Low-risk adenoma
N_cases/N_controls	676/20214	687/21732	151/3757	89/2257
Multivariable	1 (ref)	0.96 (0.86–1.08)	1.24 (1.02–1.51)	1.26 (0.98–1.64)		.022	1.13 (1.02–1.25)
High-risk adenoma
N_cases	322	305	73	42
Multivariable	1 (ref)	0.85 (0.72–1.01)	1.19 (0.90–1.56)	1.08 (0.74–1.59)		.41	1.07 (0.92–1.24)
Proximal
N_cases	171	149	39	21
Multivariable	1 (ref)	0.80 (0.63–1.03)	1.23 (0.84–1.80)	1.05 (0.60–1.83)		.58	1.06 (0.85–1.33)
Distal
N_cases	157	163	39	22
Multivariable	1 (ref)	0.92 (0.72–1.16)	1.22 (0.84–1.78)	1.08 (0.64–1.82)		.53	1.07 (0.87–1.31)
Rectal
N_cases	77	61	21	13
Multivariable	1 (ref)	0.77 (0.54–1.11)	1.62 (0.96–2.72)	1.74 (0.85–3.57)		.044	1.34 (1.01–1.79)

Low-risk: small (<1 cm) 1–2 tubular adenomas; high-risk: large (≥1 cm), any villous histology, high-grade dysplasia, or more than 3 adenomas.

N, number of endoscopies; due to multiple endoscopies during follow-up per each participant, N is larger than number of participants.

Adjusted for age, time period of endoscopy, number of endoscopies, time since most recent endoscopy, reason for endoscopy, family history of CRC, menopausal status/menopausal hormone use, current aspirin use ≥2 times/wk, history of type 2 diabetes, adult height, BMI (age 18 y, current), smoking status (adolescent, current), alcohol consumption (age 18–22 y, current), physical activity (adolescent, current), adolescent and current dietary intake (total calorie, total calcium, vitamin D, total folate, fiber, fruits, vegetables, and dairy), current total red meat intake, western dietary pattern score during adolescence, and current total fructose or SSB intake.