Fig. 2. Effects of flupyradifurone (FPF) on daily sucrose solution consumption per bee.

We assessed our results in time blocks of 10 days to facilitate comparison between the standard 10-day risk assessment chronic test and longer term exposures³⁶. We report the significance of the main effect of FPF treatment above each time period (Supplementary Table 5). Asterisks indicate significant differences between the respective FPF dose (reported in ng/bee/day, mean ± Standard Error of the Mean, SEM) and control (GLM^DS; n = 111; **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; Table 10). The box-plot reports the maximum (excluding outliers), the percentiles (75th, 50th, and 25th), the minimum (excluding outliers), and the outliers. Additional details, including effect sizes, are in Supplementary Tables 5–7.