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. 2021 Jun 28;11:13401. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-91911-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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RAN performance (naming time and error rates) across cultures, diagnostic groups, and conditions. A significant diagnosis effect emerged in the non-symbolic condition for naming time (Estimate = − 4.80 p < .01). Error bars represent standard error of the mean (SEM). For US-ASD versus US-control group comparisons, refer to Nayar et. al., 2018⁸. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. Black overall bars denote significance of the overall model (i.e., group effect, diagnosis effect), and dashed grey lines indicate pair-wise comparisons.