Table 1.
Comparison of sociodemographic, psychological, social environment, and life event characteristics of suicide cases and living controls.
| Violent | Non-violent | VCA vs. NCA | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Suicide cases (n = 109) | Living controls (n = 109) | χ2/t/z | Suicide cases (n = 133) | Living controls (n = 133) | χ2/t/z | χ2/t/z |
| Men, n (%) | 62 (56.9) | 62 (56.9) | 73 (54.9) | 73 (54.9) | 0.10 | ||
| Age, mean (SD), yrs | 75.7 (8.16) | 75.0 (8.23) | 0.653 | 73.4 (8.17) | 73.3 (8.05) | 0.098 | −2.15* |
| Marital status, n (%) | 3.764 | 18.13*** | 1.10 | ||||
| Currently married | 59 (54.1) | 73 (67.0) | 63 (47.4) | 97(72.9) | |||
| Non-currently married | 50 (45.9) | 36 (33.0) | 70 (52.6) | 36 (27.1) | |||
| Annual family income, n (%) | 1.18 | 2.19 | 2.59 | ||||
| 0–3599 | 37 (33.9) | 36 (33.0) | 49 (36.8) | 38 (28.6) | |||
| 3600–9999 | 38 (34.9) | 32 (29.4) | 34 (25.6) | 36 (27.1) | |||
| >10001 | 34 (31.2) | 41 (37.6) | 50 (37.6) | 59 (44.4) | |||
| Education, n (%) | 0.906 | 2.35 | 3.44 | ||||
| Below primary school | 46 (42.2) | 41 (37.6) | 65 (48.9) | 55 (41.4) | |||
| Primary school | 47 (43.1) | 54 (49.5) | 58 (43.6) | 62 (46.6) | |||
| Above primary school | 16 (14.7) | 14 (12.8) | 10 (7.5) | 16 (12.0) | |||
| Pesticides stored at home, n (%) | 42 (38.5) | 57 (52.3) | 4.163* | 85 (63.9) | 75 (56.4) | 1.57 | 15.47*** |
| Family suicide history, n (%) | 29 (26.6) | 22 (20.2) | 1.254 | 33 (24.8) | 15 (11.3) | 8.24** | 0.10 |
| Life events quantity, median (QL,QU) | 54 (31, 76) | 35 (12, 64) | −6.77*** | 40 (21, 64) | 16 (4, 33.5) | −7.22*** | −2.38* |
| BIS total score, mean (SD) | 97.66 (16.80) | 86.67 (16.46) | 4.88*** | 99.71 (16.51) | 87.11 (14.11) | 6.70*** | 0.95 |
| DSSI total score, mean (SD) | 22.63 (5.47) | 27.46 (6.82) | −5.76*** | 23.09 (6.39) | 27.48 (6.84) | −5.41*** | 0.59 |
| GDS total score, mean (SD) | 21.92 (6.27) | 9.35 (6.54) | 14.49*** | 20.98 (5.66) | 9.12 (6.35) | 16.10*** | −1.22 |
| BHS total score, mean (SD) | 14.39 (2.61) | 9.75 (2.96) | 12.26*** | 14.68 (2.49) | 9.58 (2.52) | 16.62*** | 0.91 |
| ULS total score, mean (SD) | 15.33 (5.17) | 11.06 (4.19) | 6.71*** | 15.72 (4.88) | 10.94 (3.87) | 8.86*** | 0.61 |
| Any DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis, n (%) | 49 (45.0) | 5 (4.6) | 47.66*** | 73 (54.9) | 7 (5.3) | 77.87*** | 2.36 |
| Mood disorders, n (%) | 40 (36.7) | 3 (2.8) | 39.66*** | 62 (46.6) | 5 (3.8) | 64.82*** | 2.42 |
| Psychotic disorders, n (%) | 9 (8.3) | 1 (0.9) | 6.71* | 6 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 6.14* | 1.45 |
| Alcohol use disorder, n (%) | 4 (3.7) | 1 (0.9) | 1.84 | 10 (7.5) | 1 (0.8) | 7.68** | 1.63 |
| Anxiety disorders, n (%) | 4 (3.7) | 1 (0.9) | 1.84 | 3 (2.3) | 1 (0.8) | 1.02 | 0.43 |
SD, standard deviation; QL, lower quartile; QU, upper quartile; VCA, Violent Cases; NCA, Non-violent Cases; BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; DSSI, Duke Social Support Index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale; ULS, University of California Los Angeles Loneliness Scale; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.
*
A significant difference between groups, P < 0.05;
**
P < 0.01;
***
P < 0.001.