Table 3.

Perceived changes in religious and non-religious persons differentiated within the three cohorts.

		Nature/Silence/Contemplation	Spirituality	Relationships	Reflection on life	Digital media usage	Restrictions
All cohort 1 (n = 1,333)	Mean	58.49	43.56	64.99	52.48	56.07	42.70
	SD	20.07	25.25	17.99	24.73	22.85	26.54
Religious (N = 1,050, 79%)	Mean	58.80	47.03	65.63	53.33	56.57	42.90
	SD	19.65	24.03	17.48	24.18	23.00	26.25
Non-religious (n = 283, 21%)	Mean	57.33	30.69	62.57	49.35	54.21	41.96
	SD	21.56	25.53	19.59	26.48	22.25	27.62
F-value		1.20	100.4	6.49	5.78	2.28	0.28
p-value		n.s.	<0.0001	0.011	0.016	n.s.	n.s.
Hedges' g (CI)		0.07 (−0.06 to 0.20)	0.67 (0.54 to 0.80)	0.17 (0.04 to 0.30)	0.16 (0.03 to 0.29)	0.10 (−0.03 to 0.23)	0.03 (−0.10 to 0.17)
All cohort 2 (n = 823)	Mean	55.68	39.43	62.72	51.00	52.51	41.42
	SD	20.51	25.07	18.94	24.70	23.99	27.27
Religious (N = 642, 78%)	Mean	56.41	42.48	63.72	51.64	52.15	40.36
	SD	19.86	24.47	18.47	24.26	23.73	26.70
Non-religious (n = 181, 22%)	Mean	53.08	28.59	59.19	48.76	53.78	45.21
	SD	22.53	24.23	20.16	26.17	24.90	28.96
F-value		3.73	45.71	8.17	1.92	0.64	4.50
p-value		n.s.	<0.0001	0.004	n.s.	n.s.	0.034
Hedges' g (CI)		0.16 (−0.01 to 0.33)	0.57 (0.40 to 0.73)	0.24 (0.07 to 0.40)	0.12 (−0.05 to 0.28)	−0.07 (−0.23 to 0.10)	−0.18 (−0.34 to 0.01)
All cohort 3 (n = 625)	Mean	44.70	27.83	54.71	53.32	48.87	66.24
	SD	21.60	25.19	20.06	25.41	24.54	29.30
Religious (N = 373, 60%)	Mean	47.42	33.56	56.61	55.40	49.65	63.77
	SD	21.17	26.02	19.62	25.19	25.22	30.58
Non-religious (n = 252, 40%)	Mean	40.69	19.34	51.89	50.26	47.71	69.91
	SD	21.64	21.27	20.41	25.47	23.50	26.94
F-value		14.93	51.90	8.43	6.21	0.90	6.67
p-value		<0.0001	<0.000	0.004	0.013	n.s.	0.010
Hedges' g (CI)		0.31 (0.15 to 0.47)	0.57 (0.42 to 0.75)	0.23 (0.07 to 0.40)	0.20 (0.04 to 0.36)	0.08 (−0.08 to 0.24)	−0.21 (−0.37 to −0.05)