TABLE 4.

MMN in response to vowel and phoneme stimuli.

MMN vowels and phonemes	Research	Test	Participants
Longer latency	Kasai et al., 2005	Phoneme changes	Mean age 27 year old males and females with ASD
	Matsuzaki et al., 2019	Oddball using vowels	Mean age 22 year old males with ASD
	Galilee et al., 2017	Speech vs non-speech	4–6 year old males and females with high functioning ASD
	Roberts et al., 2011	Vowel vs tone oddball	6–15 year old males and females with ASD (Asperger syndrome included) and language impairment
No latency or amplitude differences	Ceponiene et al., 2003b	Vowel sounds	6–12 year old males with high functioning ASD
	Kemner et al., 1995	Vowel sound oddball	7–13 year old males and female; ASD with intellectual impairment
	O’Brien et al., 2020	Vowel and tone oddball	5–15 year old males and females with tuberous sclerosis
Greater amplitude	Lepisto et al., 2008	Pitch or phoneme-type changes in speech stimuli	7–11 year old boys with ASD
	Lepisto et al., 2005	Pitch, duration, and vowel changes in speech and non-speech stimuli oddball	7–11 year old males with ASD; lower verbal IQ in ASD group
	Lepisto et al., 2006	Pitch, duration, and vowel changes in speech and non-speech stimuli oddball	8–11 year old boys with Asperger syndrome
Reduced amplitude	Kuhl et al., 2005	Speech vs computer synthesized non-speech oddball task	3–4 year old males and females with ASD; low functioning

Specific sub-diagnoses and notable features of participants are underlined.