TABLE 5.

P3 latency and amplitude in response to vowel and phoneme stimuli research.

P3 vowels and phonemes	Research	Test	Participants
Missing	Ceponiene et al., 2003b	Oddball with simples tones, complex tones, and vowels	High functioning ASD
	Stauder et al., 2006	Audiovisual oddball	2–60 year old females with Rett syndrome
Reduced amplitude	Dawson et al., 1988*	Phoneme vs piano cord	6–18 year old males with ASD; some with intellectual impairment
	Kemner et al., 1995	Vowel sound oddball	7–13 year old males and female with ASD and intellectual impairment
	Lepisto et al., 2005	Pitch, duration, and vowel changes in speech and non-speech stimuli oddball	7–11 year old males with ASD; verbal IQ lower in ASD group
	Whitehouse and Bishop, 2008	Vowel and complex sound oddball	8–14 year old males with ASD; verbal IQ lower in ASD group
	Lepisto et al., 2006	Pitch, duration, and vowel changes in speech and non-speech stimuli oddball	8–11 year old boys with Asperger syndrome
	Van der Molen et al., 2012a,b	Auditory tonal stimuli	Mean age 29 years old; males with fragile X syndrome
	St Clair et al., 1987	Oddball task	Adults with fragile X syndrome

Notable features of participants and sub-diagnoses are underlined. Asterisk indicates results only applied to phoneme stimuli.