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. 2021 Jun 15;12:686357. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.686357

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Copyright © 2021 Ikeda, Yue, Shimizu and Nasser.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A model of HIV-1 restriction by A3 family proteins and counteraction by HIV-1 Vif. (A) Illustration of human A3 family genes. Human A3 family genes are composed of seven members with one or two zinc-coordinating domains (single of double-domain deaminases); these belong to three phylogenetically different groups, which are shown in green, yellow, and blue. (B) A schematic of HIV-1 restriction by five A3 family proteins and neutralization by HIV-1 Vif. A3C, A3D, A3F, A3G, and A3H are packaged into HIV-1 virions in producer cells and inactivate the virus through cytosine-to-uracil (C-to-U)/guanine-to-adenine (G-to-A) mutations (top). HIV-1 Vif neutralizes the restriction activities of these A3 proteins through proteasome-mediated degradation (bottom). Vif, virus infectivity factor; A3, APOBEC3.