Table 2.

Shoulder Strength and Kinematics During Pitching ^a

	Mean ± SD
ER shoulder strength, N
Dominant ER	101.9 ± 22.7
Nondominant ER	98.3 ± 30.0
Dominant vs nondominant	3.6 ± 21.6
IR shoulder strength, N
Dominant IR	135.7 ± 37.1
Nondominant IR	136.7 ± 42.6
Dominant vs nondominant	–1.0 ± 19.6
Dominant ER:IR ratio, %	78.2 ± 17.1
Nondominant ER:IR ratio, %	73.5 ± 19.0
Pitching shoulder kinematics
Maximum shoulder ER, deg	175.98 ± 6.82
Maximum shoulder abduction, deg	92.55 ± 16.13
Maximum horizontal shoulder abduction, deg	–41.82 ± 15.52
Maximum shoulder rotation velocity, deg/s	4830 ± 466
Maximum shoulder distraction force, % BW	132.59 ± 23.29

^a BW, body weight; ER, external rotation; IR, internal rotation.