TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of 328,850 participants according to sleep quality.
| Characteristics (%) | Sleep quality |
||
| Poor (n = 13,432) | Less-healthy (n = 189,371) | Healthy (n = 126,047) | |
| Terminated health span | 2,535 (18.87) | 29,834 (15.75) | 17,403 (13.81) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 55.32 (7.89) | 55.91 (7.99) | 55.35 (8.27) |
| Townsend Index, mean (SD) | −0.91 (3.26) | −1.41 (3.03) | −1.64 (2.89) |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29.22 (5.25) | 27.50 (4.65) | 26.38 (4.23) |
| Sex, female | 6,359 (47.34) | 1103,036 (54.41) | 73,680 (58.45) |
| Ethnicity, white race | 112,381 (92.18) | 1179,379 (94.72) | 1119,806 (95.05) |
| College or university degree | 3,746 (27.89) | 61,111 (32.27) | 47,514 (37.70) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Current smokers | 2,320 (17.27) | 21,568 (11.39) | 9,397 (7.46) |
| Never smokers | 6,077 (45.24) | 1101,789 (53.75) | 77,450 (61.45) |
| Alcohol intake frequency | |||
| >3 times/week | 5,915 (44.04) | 87,335 (46.12) | 55,260 (43.84) |
| Special occasions only/Never | 2,665 (19.84) | 32,431 (17.13) | 22,404 (17.77) |
| Physical activity | |||
| Low | 2,841 (21.15) | 30,115 (15.90) | 15,907 (12.62) |
| High | 3,754 (27.95) | 61,972 (32.73) | 47,442 (37.64) |
| Healthy diet | 8,825 (65.70) | 1140,048 (73.95) | 99,760 (79.15) |
| Family history of CCVD | 8,615 (64.14) | 1119,497 (63.10) | 77,184 (61.23) |
| Family history of cancer | 4,909 (36.55) | 66,667 (35.20) | 42,323 (33.58) |
| Sleep-related drugs use | 227 (1.69) | 1,565 (0.83) | 404 (0.32) |
| Aspirin/ibuprofen use | 3,826 (28.48) | 46,494 (24.55) | 26,286 (20.85) |
| Having low-risk sleep factors (%) | |||
| Early chronotype | 879 (6.54) | 93,740 (49.50) | 1111,806 (88.70) |
| Sleep 7–8 h/day | 548 (4.08) | 1107,747 (56.90) | 1119,576 (94.87) |
| Never/rarely insomnia | 143 (1.06) | 22,324 (11.79) | 60,545 (48.03) |
| No self-reported snoring | 612 (4.56) | 96,133 (50.76) | 1111,032 (88.09) |
| No frequent daytime sleepiness | 10,639 (79.21) | 1184,742 (97.56) | 1125,777 (99.79) |
The chi-square test for categorical variables and Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables were used to calculate the p values across the sleep quality, and all the variables had p value < 0.001. SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; CCVD, cardiac–cerebrovascular disease.