. 2021 Jun 29;18(10):705–715. doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00480-y

Table 1.

Immunosuppressive and biologic therapies in patients with IBD and liver transplant recipients in the context of COVID-19

Therapy	Target	Risk of opportunistic or viral infections^73,79,83,138	Evidence for aggravated COVID-19 (refs^{68,85,108,124})
*IBD*
High-dose corticosteroids	Multiple	Yes	Yes
JAK inhibitors (tofacitinib)	JAK1/3	Yes	No
Anti-TNF agents	TNF	Yes and no (studies vary)	No
Vedolizumab	α4/β7 integrin	No	No
Ustekinumab	IL-12/IL-23	No	No
*Liver transplantation*
Tacrolimus	Calcineurin	Yes	No
Ciclosporin	Calcineurin	Yes	No
Mycophenolate mofetil	Inosin monophosphate dehydrogenase	Yes	Yes^a
Everolimus	mTOR	Yes	No

IBD, inflammatory bowel disease. ^aLimited clinical evidence.