TABLE 1.
Variables associated with Covid‐19 diagnosis
| COVID‐19 cases (16866) | Controls (70137) | Risk of Covid‐19 diagnosis (adjusted OR 95% CI) a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHT drugs | ACEI | 1789 (11) | 7314 (10) | 0.82 (0.77‐0.88) |
| ARB | 923 (5) | 3570 (5) | 0.87 (0.80‐0.95) | |
| Beta‐blocker | 2228 (13) | 7206 (10) | 1.19 (1.12‐1.26) | |
| Calcium channel | 1763 (10) | 7216 (10) | 0.97 (0.90‐1.03) | |
| Diuretics | 583 (3) | 2924 (4) | 0.83 (0.75‐0.92) | |
| Other AHT | 340 (2) | 1218 (2) | 1.06 (0.92‐1.21) | |
| Systolic blood pressure | <110 | 1487 (9) | 4652 (7) | 1.30 (1.19‐1.41) |
| 110‐119 | 2345 (14) | 8023 (11) | 1.21 (1.13‐1.29) | |
| 120‐129 | 3265 (19) | 11 966 (17) | 1.10 (1.04‐1.17) | |
| 130‐139 | 3068 (18) | 12 483 (18) | Reference | |
| 140‐149 | 1875 (11) | 7914 (11) | 0.96 (0.90‐1.03) | |
| 150‐159 | 634 (4) | 2630 (4) | 0.96 (0.87‐1.07) | |
| 160+ | 585 (3) | 2129 (3) | 1.03 (0.92‐1.16) | |
| Not known | 3607 (21) | 20 340 (29) | 1.97 (0.12‐33.32) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | <60 | 473 (3) | 1468 (2) | 1.01 (0.89‐1.14) |
| 60‐69 | 2326 (14) | 8826 (13) | 0.87 (0.81‐0.93) | |
| 70‐79 | 4654 (28) | 18 771 (27) | 0.88 (0.84‐0.93) | |
| 80‐89 | 4368 (26) | 16 224 (23) | Reference | |
| 90‐99 | 1152 (7) | 3639 (5) | 1.18 (1.09‐1.28) | |
| 100+ | 286 (2) | 867 (1) | 1.21 (1.03‐1.41) | |
| Not known | 3607 (21) | 20 342 (29) | 0.32 (0.02‐5.51) | |
| Ethnic group | White | 8296 (49) | 33 280 (47) | Reference |
| Black | 183 (1) | 649 (1) | 1.27 (1.06‐1.53) | |
| Asian | 305 (2) | 971 (1) | 1.34 (1.17‐1.54) | |
| Mixed | 98 (1) | 350 (0) | 1.25 (0.99‐1.58) | |
| Other | 246 (1) | 931 (1) | 1.26 (1.08‐1.46) | |
| Not known | 7738 (46) | 33 956 (48) | 0.93 (0.89‐0.97) | |
| Smoking status | Nonsmoker | 10 579 (63) | 47 723 (15) | Reference |
| Smoker | 3512 (21) | 12 420 (5) | 1.12 (1.07‐1.18) | |
| Exsmoker | 2775 (16) | 10 296 (4) | 1.07 (1.01‐1.12) | |
| Frailty level | Fit | 10 029 (59) | 50 530 (14) | Reference |
| Mild | 3984 (24) | 12 759 (6) | 2.03 (1.92‐2.14) | |
| Moderate | 1865 (11) | 4961 (3) | 2.91 (2.68‐3.17) | |
| Severe | 988 (6) | 2189 (1) | 3.78 (3.35‐4.26) |
Note: Figures are frequencies (column percent) except where indicated.
Abbreviations: ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; AHT, antihypertensive treatment; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a
All odds ratios were adjusted for each of the variables shown and body mass index category and comorbidities contributing to the Charlson index. Cases and controls were matched for age, sex, general practice and index date.