Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection/COVID‐19 who had no HBV infection, who had current HBV infection, and who had past HBV infection
| Clinical Characteristics | No HBV (n = 4,927) | Current HBV Infection (n = 353) | Past HBV Infection (n = 359) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 49.6 ± 18.4 | 56.2 ± 13.0 | 61.6 ± 14.2 | <0.001 |
| Male gender (n, %) | 2,387 (48.4) | 180 (51.0) | 176 (49.0) | 0.645 |
| Liver cirrhosis (n, %) | 43 (0.9) | 23 (6.5) | 13 (3.6) | <0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 40.1 ± 5.3 | 39.5 ± 4.7 | 39.0 ± 5.3 | <0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| Total bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.5 | 0.073 |
| Missing (%) | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| ALT (U/L) | 25 (16‐39) | 28 (20‐39) | 23 (16‐34) | <0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| AST (U/L) | 30 (22‐48) | 32 (24‐45) | 30 (22‐52) | 0.819 |
| Missing (%) | 68.1 | 58.9 | 53.2 | |
| ALP (×ULN) | 0.6 (0.5‐0.7) | 0.6 (0.4‐0.7) | 0.6 (0.5‐0.7) | 0.013 |
| Missing (%) | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| International normalized ratio | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.518 |
| Missing (%) | 34.0 | 30.3 | 20.9 | |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 70 (59‐84) | 71 (59‐86) | 75 (60‐92) | <0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | |
| C‐reactive protein (mg/dL) | 1.9 ± 3.6 | 2.0 ± 3.7 | 2.8 ± 4.5 | 0.002 |
| Missing (%) | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0 | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) | 220.1 ± 89.1 | 232.3 ± 88.0 | 251.9 ± 135.3 | <0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.6 | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.6 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 1.5 | 13.2 ± 1.9 | 0.002 |
| Missing (%) | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |
| WCC (×109/L) | 5.7 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 2.3 | 5.5 ± 2.3 | <0.001 |
| WCC <3.5 × 109/L (n, %) | 520 (10.6) | 53 (15.0) | 57 (15.9) | 0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |
| Neutrophil (×109/L) | 3.7 ± 1.9 | 3.3 ± 1.9 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0 | |
| Lymphocyte (×109/L) | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Lymphocyte <1 × 109/L (n, %) | 1,557 (31.7) | 127 (36.2) | 169 (47.1) | <0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0 | |
| Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio | 3.5 ± 3.2 | 3.3 ± 3.0 | 4.3 ± 5.4 | 0.006 |
| Missing (%) | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0 | |
| Platelet (×109/L) | 219.1 ± 74.2 | 188.5 ± 67.7 | 196.5 ± 67.6 | <0.001 |
| Platelet <150 × 109/L (n, %) | 761 (15.5) | 111 (31.4) | 85 (23.7) | <0.001 |
| Missing (%) | 0.04 | 0 | 0 | |
| Comorbidities (n, %) | ||||
| Circulatory system disease | 1,513 (30.7) | 118 (33.4) | 185 (51.5) | <0.001 |
| DM | 960 (19.5) | 78 (22.1) | 141 (39.3) | <0.001 |
| Malignant tumor | 175 (3.6) | 29 (8.2) | 40 (11.1) | <0.001 |
| Nervous system disease | 229 (4.6) | 15 (4.2) | 20 (5.6) | 0.671 |
| Respiratory disease | 205 (4.2) | 11 (3.1) | 21 (5.8) | 0.176 |
| Kidney disease | 102 (2.1) | 6 (1.7) | 30 (8.4) | <0.001 |
| HIV infection | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 0.066 |
| Medications during follow‐up (n, %) | ||||
| Oseltamivir | 70 (1.4) | 4 (1.1) | 12 (3.3) | 0.013 |
| Ribavirin | 1,454 (29.5) | 98 (27.8) | 151 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| Lopinavir–ritonavir | 1,542 (31.3) | 103 (29.2) | 112 (31.2) | 0.708 |
| Interferon‐beta | 2,318 (47.0) | 169 (47.9) | 227 (63.2) | <0.001 |
| Remdesivir | 395 (8.0) | 35 (9.9) | 46 (12.8) | 0.004 |
| Antibiotic treatment | 2,139 (43.4) | 167 (47.3) | 196 (54.6) | <0.001 |
| Antifungal treatment | 34 (0.7) | 1 (0.3) | 9 (2.5) | 0.003 |
| Corticosteroid | 1,044 (21.2) | 86 (24.4) | 140 (39.0) | <0.001 |
| Dexamethasone | 966 (19.6) | 79 (22.4) | 128 (35.7) | <0.001 |
| Hydrocortisone | 119 (2.4) | 7 (2.0) | 26 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| Prednisolone | 61 (1.2) | 2 (0.6) | 13 (3.6) | 0.001 |
| Methylprednisolone | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.118 |
| Peak daily dose (prednisolone equivalent, mg) | 45 (45‐45) | 45 (45‐53) | 45 (45‐58) | 0.364 |
| Duration (days) | 10 (7‐13) | 10 (6‐12) | 11 (6‐16) | 0.290 |
| Immunoglobulin therapy (i.v.) | 6 (0.1) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0.118 |
| Oral HBV antiviral agents* | <0.001 | |||
| Entecavir | 70 (1.4) | 114 (32.3) | 40 (11.1) | |
| Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/tenofovir alafenamide | 0 (0) | 6 (1.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Lamivudine ± adefovir | 1 (0.02) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | |
| Clinical outcomes in 60 days (n, %) | ||||
| Mortality | 109 (2.2) | 8 (2.3) | 21 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Follow‐up duration (days) | 13 (9‐20) | 14 (9‐20) | 16 (10‐25) | <0.001 |
All concomitant medications were represented as binary parameters. Percentages were computed based on nonmissing values. Categorical variables are presented as number (percentage). Median age, ALT, and follow‐up duration are expressed as median (IQR), whereas other continuous variables are expressed as mean ± SD. Qualitative and quantitative differences between subgroups were analyzed by chi‐squared or Fisher’s exact test for categorical parameters and Student t test or Mann‐Whitney U test for continuous parameters, as appropriate.
The 71 patients who used HBV antiviral agents in the non‐HBV group had negative HBsAg and unavailable anti‐HBc and anti‐HBs status.
Abbreviation: WCC, white cell count.