Table 2.

IONP-derived immune effects and up-/downregulated cytokines of the studies reviewed in this articles.

Cell type	Immune effects / cytokines up- or downregulated	Reference
Monocytes	Autophagy / IL-1β (+), IL-6 (+), TNFα (+)	(55)
	Suppression of LPS-induced NFκB activation	(79)
	IL-1β (+)	(80)
	IL-6 (–)	(81)
Macrophages	M1 activation, IL-12 (+)	(84)
APCs	IL-1β (+)	(85)
DCs	Upregulation of several proinflammatory cytokines	(80)
Lymphocytes	expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC class II	(87)
	autophagy / antigen cross-presentation	(88)
	oxidative stress, glutathione depletion	(91)
	Attenuation of Th17 cell responses	(91)
	IL-6 (–), IL-17 (–), ROR-γt (–)	(92)
	Suppression of T-lymphocytes	(47)
	Th1 immune activation	(93)