Table 1. Trends in Opioid Dispensing Rates per 100 Persons and Mean Amount of Opioid Dispensed, 2006-2018.
| Dispensing rate | Mean or rate | AAPC (95% CI)a | APC and joinpoint segmentsa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | 2018 | 2006-2013 | 2014-2018 | Trend years | APC (95% CI) | |
| Opioid dispensing rate, per 100 persons | ||||||
| Age, y | ||||||
| Total <25 | 14.28 | 6.45 | −1.03 (−2.51 to 0.46) | −15.15 (−17.26 to −12.99)b | 2006-2013 | −1.03 (−2.51 to 0.46) |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2013-2018 | −15.15 (−17.26 to −12.99)b | |
| 0-5 | 4.64 | 1.47 | −2.42 (−4.01 to −0.81)b | −21.14 (−26.18 to −15.74)b | 2006-2013 | −2.42 (−4.01 to −0.81)b |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2013-2016 | −16.40 (−26.05 to −5.49)b | |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2016-2018 | −25.60 (−34.19 to −15.90)b | |
| 6-9 | 4.30 | 1.43 | −3.75 (−4.84 to −2.64)b | −16.33 (−19.61 to −12.91)b | 2006-2015 | −3.75 (−4.84 to −2.64)b |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2015-2018 | −20.15 (−24.99 to −14.99)b | |
| 10-14 | 6.63 | 2.64 | −1.24 (−2.49 to 0.03) | −17.09 (−21.25 to −12.71)b | 2006-2013 | −1.24 (−2.49 to 0.03) |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2013-2016 | −11.60 (−19.65 to −2.74)b | |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2016-2018 | −22.24 (−29.32 to −14.45)b | |
| 15-19 | 19.87 | 10.54 | −1.47 (−2.60 to −0.32)b | −10.77 (−14.30 to −7.09)b | 2006-2015 | −1.47 (−2.60 to −0.32)b |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2015-2018 | −13.67 (−18.97 to −8.03)b | |
| 20-24 | 34.81 | 15.24 | −0.94 (−2.43 to 0.57) | −15.67 (−17.78 to −13.50)b | 2006-2013 | −0.94 (−2.43 to 0.57) |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2013-2018 | −15.67 (−17.78 to −13.50)b | |
| Mean amount opioid dispensed, MME/kg/d or MME/d c | ||||||
| Age, y | ||||||
| 0-5 | 1.39 | 1.54 | 1.79 (−0.30 to 3.92) | −10.14 (−12.47 to −7.75)b | 2006-2011 | −1.53 (−3.34 to 0.32) |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2011-2014 | 10.58 (1.77 to 20.16)b | |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2014-2018 | −10.14 (−12.47 to −7.75)b | |
| 6-9 | 0.95 | 0.89 | −2.38 (−3.21 to −1.54)b | −2.38 (−3.21 to −1.54)b | NAd | NAd |
| 10-14 | 0.74 | 0.66 | −1.26 (−1.43 to −1.08)b | −1.26 (−1.43 to −1.08)b | NAd | NAd |
| 15-19 | 41.21 | 33.90 | −1.16 (−1.25 to −1.06)b | −2.51 (−3.03 to −1.98)b | 2006-2016 | −1.16 (−1.25 to −1.06)b |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2016-2018 | −3.83 (−5.05 to −2.61)b | |
| 20-24 | 44.30 | 34.02 | −1.20 (−1.74 to −0.65)b | −3.14 (−3.50 to −2.77)b | 2006-2010 | 0.28 (−0.81 to 1.39) |
| NA | NA | NA | NA | 2010-2018 | −3.14 (−3.50 to −2.77)b | |
Abbreviations: AAPC, average annual percent change; APC, annual percent change; MME, morphine milligram equivalents; NA, not applicable.
Joinpoint allowed up to 2 joinpoints. Owing to retail channel data coverage, 2014 was added as a jump point.
Annual percent change and AAPC were statistically significant (P < .05) using a 2-sided test based on the permutation methods.
Mean morphine milligram equivalents per kilogram per day per prescription for persons younger than 15 years and mean morphine milligram equivalents per day per prescription for persons aged 15 to 24 years. Trends not reported for total strata (<25 years) because mean morphine milligram equivalent amounts are not comparable throughout all age groups.
No joinpoint detected for these strata and outcomes; APC was constant and equal to AAPC.