Summary of findings 3. Removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults: clamping compared to free drainage.
| Removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults: clamping compared to free drainage | ||||||
|
Patient or population: adults with short‐term indwelling urethral catheters that need to be removed
Settings: secondary care Intervention: clamping of indwelling urethral catheter Comparison: free drainage of indwelling urethral catheter | ||||||
| Outcomes | Anticipated absolute effects* (95% CI) | Relative effect (95% CI) | № of participants (trials) | Certainty of the evidence (GRADE) | Comments | |
| Assumed risk | Corresponding risk | |||||
| Risk with free drainage | Risk with clamping regimes | |||||
| Number of participants requiring recatheterisation | Trial population | RR 0.82 (0.55 to 1.21) | 569 (5 RCTs) | ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Lowa,b | ||
| 160 per 1000 | 131 per 1000 (88 to 193) | |||||
| Symptomatic catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) | Trial population | RR 0.99 (0.60 to 1.63) | 267 (2 RCTs) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very lowc,d | ||
| 195 per 1000 |
193 per 1000 (117 to 318) |
|||||
| Dysuria | Trial population | RR 0.84 (0.46 to 1.54) | 79 (1 RCT) | ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very lowd,e | ||
| 385 per 1000 |
323 per 1000 (177 to 592) |
|||||
| Condition‐specific QoL or generic QoL measure | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | Not reported |
| *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: confidence interval; IUC: indwelling urethral catheter; QoL: quality of life; RCT: randomised controlled trial; RR: risk ratio | ||||||
| GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: we are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect. Moderate certainty: we are moderately confident in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different. Low certainty: our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: the true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect. Very low certainty: we have very little confidence in the effect estimate: the true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect. | ||||||
aDowngraded one level for risk of bias (unclear random sequence generation, allocation concealment and blinding of outcome assessors). bDowngraded one level for imprecision (95% CI is consistent with possible benefit and possible harm). cDowngraded one level for risk of bias (unclear random sequence generation and high risk due to lack of blinding of outcome assessors. dDowngraded two levels for imprecision (few participants and 95% CI is consistent with possible benefit and possible harm). eDowngraded one level for risk of bias (high risk for randomisation and allocation concealment).