Noble 1990.

Study characteristics
Methods	Study design: quasi‐RCT Dates study conducted: not reported
Participants	Number of participants: 108 eligible; 108 randomised; 86 reported Setting: London Country: UK Population: mixed Age (mean and SD): not reported Inclusion criteria: patients requiring urethral catheterisation that were admitted to the urology unit Condition for hospitalisation: urological procedures and surgery Exclusion criteria: patients who had UTI prior to recruitment Use of antibiotic prophylaxis: not reported
Interventions	Group A (n = 46): removal of IUC at 6 am Group B (n = 40): removal of IUC at midnight Size and type of catheter used: not reported Study definition of short‐term catheterisation (days): not reported
Outcomes	Volume of first void Time to first void Discharge same day as IUC removal IUC not removed on time
Definition of CAUTI or bacteriuria	Not reported
Sponsorship/funding	Not reported
Ethical approval	Not reported
Notes	22 participants excluded from study due to pre‐existing UTIs More men than women in each group
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	Quote: “… entered alternately into 1 of 2 groups …” Comment: quasi‐randomisation method
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	High risk	Quote: “… entered alternately ….” Comment: unlikely any concealment occurred. Participant group could easily be found
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) All outcomes	High risk	Not reported. Not likely possible to blind participants
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	Not reported
Blinding of microbiological outcome (detection bias)	Low risk	No microbiological outcomes reported
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Low risk	No withdrawals, all data reported in full
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Low risk	All outcomes seem to be reported in full in both methods and results
Other bias	Low risk	Appears to be free from other sources of bias