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. 2021 Jun 29;2021(6):CD004011. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004011.pub4

Zhou 2012.

Study characteristics
Methods Study design: quasi‐RCT
Dates study conducted: January‐December 2011
Participants Population: women undergoing CS for: cephalopelvic disproportionate; social reasons; stuck fetus; abnormal placenta; twins; overly large baby; scarred uterus; other reasons unstated
Setting: Guangdong Hospital
Inclusion criteria: obstetric patients undergoing CS
Exclusion criteria: heart, liver, kidney, brain or other severe conditions, no obstetric complications or conditions
Surgical or anaesthesia complications
Condition for hospitalisation: CS
Number of participants: eligible, not reported; 138 randomised; 138 reported
Age (mean and SD):
Group A: mean 25.11, SD 4.88, rRange 20‐33
Group B: mean 26.33, SD 5.08, range 19‐35
Use of antibiotic prophylaxis: not reported
Interventions Size and type of catheter used (e.g. Foley 16F): not reported
Study definition of short‐term catheterisation (days): not reported
Intended duration of catheterisation for each group:
Group A: removal of IUC at 6 h post surgery (intervention) (n = 46)
Group B: removal of IUC at 8 h post surgery (intervention) (n = 46)
Group C: removal at 24 h (control) (n = 46)
Outcomes Urinary retention
Post‐op 24 h bleeding
Post‐op comfort after removal (measuring using VAS and urinary symptoms. “Mild” – pain score 1‐3, “Moderate” 4‐7, “Severe” 8‐10)
Definition of CAUTI or bacteriuria Defined as post‐catheter removal midstream clean catch culture of ≥ 104 cfu/mL for Gram‐positive organisms or ≥ 105 cfu/mL for Gram‐negative organisms
Sponsorship/funding Not reported
Ethical approval Not reported
Notes Translator note: there is no description given of how the intervention group is separated into 6‐ or 8‐hour removal
Risk of bias
Bias Authors' judgement Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias) High risk Patients were allocated based on timing of presentation (odd or even days) into either intervention (6 h or 8 h removal) or control (24 h)
Allocation concealment (selection bias) High risk Patients were allocated based on timing of presentation (odd or even days) into either intervention (6 h or 8 h removal) or control (24 h)
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias)
All outcomes High risk Not reported. Unlikely possible given nature of intervention
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias)
All outcomes Unclear risk Not reported
Blinding of microbiological outcome (detection bias) Low risk Not reported, likely that specimens sent to a lab
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)
All outcomes Low risk All completed, none lost
Selective reporting (reporting bias) Low risk Appears free from selective bias
Other bias Low risk Nothing to indicate any other source of bias