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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jun 29.
Published in final edited form as: Sleep Med Rev. 2020 Nov 30;56:101411. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101411

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Hypothesized mediational mechanisms model underlying the association between sleep and pain. Multiple mediators may help explain the observed relationship between sleep and pain. Social determinants of health inclusive of many variables may be either/both mediator and/or moderator. HPA = hypothalamic pituitary adrenal. PTSD = post-traumatic stress disorder.