Table 3.
Anxiety and Depression odds ratio estimates (OR1 and OR) and OR 95% confidence interval (95% C.I. OR) of the multiple logistic regression model
| Anxiety | Depression | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic factors | OR1 | OR | 95% C.I.OR | p-value | OR1 | OR | 95% C.I.OR | p-value |
| Age Group | ||||||||
| 18–24 | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 0.97 | 1.146 | (0.828–1.587) | 0.411 | 1.25* | 1.357 | (1.005–1.833) | 0.047 |
| 35–44 | 0.65** | 0.792 | (0.559–1.122) | 0.190 | 1.00 | 1.060 | (0.776–1.449) | 0.714 |
| 45–54 | 0.32** | 0.483 | (0.308–0.757) | 0.002 | 0.88 | 0.952 | (0.661–1.37) | 0.790 |
| 55–64 | 0.14** | 0.229 | (0.108–0.484) | < 0.001 | 0.44** | 0.445 | (0.272–0.727) | 0.001 |
| 65 years old and above | 0.57** | 0.751 | (0.365–1.546) | 0.437 | 0.48** | 0.213 | (0.106–0.426) | < 0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Female | 1.49** | 1.426 | (1.137–1.787) | 0.002 | 1.00 | |||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | ||||||||
| Married | 0.51** | 0.71** | ||||||
| Separated/ Divorced | 0.65* | 0.64* | ||||||
| Widowed | 1.11 | 0.97 | ||||||
| Educational or Work-related Qualification | ||||||||
| PhD | ||||||||
| Until Secondary/Equivalent | 4.05** | 3.311 | (1.944–5.64) | < 0.001 | 1.37* | 1.232 | (0.776–1.956) | 0.376 |
| Pre-Univ.Diploma | 4.56** | 5.290 | (3.086–9.066) | < 0.001 | 1.94** | 2.556 | (1.609–4.058) | < 0.001 |
| University | 2.5** | 2.057 | (1.378–3.069) | < 0.001 | 1.39** | 1.311 | (0.963–1.786) | 0.086 |
| High Diploma | 1.71* | 2.119 | (0.798–5.626) | 0.132 | 0.72 | 0.667 | (0.283–1.574) | 0.356 |
| Master | 2.67** | 2.413 | (1.585–3.674) | < 0.001 | 1.51** | 1.386 | (1.004–1.914) | 0.047 |
| Nationality | ||||||||
| Saudi | 1.27* | 0.69** | 0.594 | (0.441–0.799) | 0.001 | |||
| Employment | ||||||||
| Unemployed/Not working/Other | ||||||||
| Working/student full time | 1.23* | 1.850 | (1.301–2.632) | 0.001 | 0.94 | |||
| Working part time | 0.97 | 1.422 | (0.85–2.377) | 0.180 | 0.69* | |||
| Retired | 0.19** | 0.598 | (0.247–1.447) | 0.254 | 0.35** | |||
| Healthcare worker | 1.74** | 1.725 | (1.302–2.285) | < 0.001 | 1.35** | 1.268 | (0.99–1.624) | 0.060 |
| Gross Household Income | ||||||||
| Under 1333 USD per month | ||||||||
| 1333 USD to 2666 USD per month | 0.57** | 0.622 | (0.368–1.05) | 0.075 | 1.08 | 1.328 | (0.804–2.194) | 0.268 |
| 2666.67 USD to 3999.74 USD per month | 0.53** | 0.626 | (0.383–1.025) | 0.063 | 1.15 | 1.733 | (1.072–2.802) | 0.025 |
| 4000 USD to 5333.07 USD per month | 0.32** | 0.437 | (0.256–0.748) | 0.003 | 0.81 | 1.314 | (0.794–2.177) | 0.288 |
| 5333.34 USD to 6666.41 USD per month | 0.37** | 0.485 | (0.275–0.858) | 0.013 | 0.96 | 1.663 | (0.974–2.84) | 0.063 |
| 6666.67 USD and over per month | 0.34** | 0.545 | (0.335–0.885) | 0.014 | 0.64** | 1.128 | (0.696–1.83) | 0.624 |
| Don’t know/ Prefer not to say | 0.5** | 0.524 | (0.324–0.845) | 0.008 | 0.85 | 1.074 | (0.67–1.721) | 0.767 |
| Perceived Current State of Health | ||||||||
| Fairly or Very poor/ Prefer not to say | ||||||||
| Very good | 0.22** | 0.259 | (0.151–0.443) | < 0.001 | 0.1** | 0.090 | (0.049–0.166) | < 0.001 |
| Fairly good | 0.65* | 0.664 | (0.377–1.17) | 0.157 | 0.24** | 0.186 | (0.099–0.35) | < 0.001 |
| Neither good or poor | 1.07 | 1.015 | (0.481–2.141) | 0.968 | 0.54* | 0.445 | (0.199–0.994) | 0.048 |
| At Least One Respiratory/ Cold/ Flu-like Symptom | 3.1** | 2.338 | (1.845–2.962) | < 0.001 | 2.35** | 1.923 | (1.547–2.391) | < 0.001 |
*p-value < 0.20; ** p-value < 0.05. The first categories are the references. . OR1: odds ratio estimate by univariable logistic model. OR odds ratio estimate by multivariable logistic model