Table 1.

The expression levels of virulence factors in S. aureus cultured in the presence of sub-MICs of antibiotics compared with those in S. aureus without antibiotic-treatment.

Antibiotics	Hla	PVL	TSST-1	PSM	SPA	Coagulase	Enterotoxins A and B	References
Penicillin	N	N	N	N	↑	N	N	[10]
Methicillin	↑	N	N	N	–	–	N	[34], [35]
Oxacillin	N	↑	N	↓	↑	N	N	[10]
Nafcillin	↑	↑	N	N	N	N	N	[2], [10]
Imipenem	N	↑	N	N	N	N	N	[10]
Gentamicin	N	N	↓	N	N	N	N	[10]
Erythromycin	↓	N	N	↑	N	N	N	[10]
Flucloxacillin	N	N	↓	N	N	N	N	[10]
Roxithromycin	N	N	N	N	N	↓	N	[35]
Enoxacin	↓	N	N	N	–	–	N	[35], [34]
Ciprofloxacin	↓	N	N	N	–	–	N	[35]
Azithromycin	↓	N	N	N	N	N	N	[36]
Lincomycin	N	N	N	N	N	↓	N	[34]
Clindamycin	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	↓	N	[10], [34], [36], [37]
Fosfomycin (FOM)	↓	N	N	N	N	N	N	[38]
Tigecycline	↓	↓	↓	N	↓	N	N	[10], [39]
Vancomycin	N	–	–	N	–	N	N	[39]
Daptomycin	N	–	N	N	–	N	N	[39]
Linezolid	↓	↓	↓	↑	↓	N	↓	[10], [39]
Tedizolid	↓	↓	↓	↓	N	N	N	[2]
Mupirocin	↓	N	N	N	N	N	N	[37]
Costus oil	↓	N	↓	N	N	N	N	[21]
Fusidic acid	↓	N	N	N	N	N	N	[40]
C10OOc12O	↓	N	N	N	N	N	N	[26]
LP5	↓	N	N	N	↑	N	↓	[41]
Thymol	↓	N	N	N	N	N	↓	[21]
Chlorogenic Acid	↓	N	N	N	N	↓	N	[21]
Sclareol	↓	N	N	N	N	N	N	[42]
L-NPDNJ	↓	N	N	N	N	N	N	[43]

“↑”, the expression level increased; “↓”, the expression level decreased; “-”, comparable in the expression level; N, not determined.