Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals with bipolar disorder and healthy controls at baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2)
| Baseline (T1) | Follow-up (T2) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bipolar disorder (n = 72) | Healthy controls (n = 59) | P | Bipolar disorder (n = 72) | Healthy controls (n = 59) | P | |
| Age, years: mean (s.d.) | 37.4 (12.1) | 41.9 (14.6) | 0.055a | – | – | – |
| Time elapsed between T1 and T2, years: median (IQR) | 6.2 (5.7–7.1) | 5.8 (5.5–6.0) | <0.001a | – | – | – |
| Gender, female, n (%) | 44 (61) | 29 (49) | 0.170 | – | – | – |
| Proportion with university studies, ≥3 years (%) | 34(49)b | 32(54) | 0.576c | – | – | – |
| Occupational status – not working (%) | 18(27)d | 5(9) | 0.011c | – | – | – |
| Premorbid IQ – WAIS-III: vocabulary – scaled score, mean (s.d.) | 12 (3) | 12 (3) | 0.798a | – | – | – |
| Premorbid IQ – WAIS-III: vocabulary – raw score, mean (s.d.) | 47.9 (9.5) | 48.7 (9) | 0.634a | – | – | – |
| WAIS-III: Full Scale IQ, mean (s.d.) | 108 (14) | 117 (11) | <0.001a | – | – | – |
| Age at onset, years: mean (s.d.) | 19 (10) | – | – | – | – | – |
| YMRS, mean (s.d.) | 1.8 (0.2) | 0 (0.00) | <0.001a | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.5 (1.2) | 0.24a |
| MADRS, mean (s.d.) | 4.7 (6) | 0 (0.00) | <0.001a | 3.4 (4) | 1.7 (3) | 0.006a |
| GAF Function, mean (s.d.) | 69 (11) | 79 (6) | <0.001a | 65 (10) | 82 (7) | <0.001a |
| GAF Symptom, mean (s.d.) | 69 (11) | 79 (6) | <0.001a | 66 (9) | 81 (7) | <0.001a |
| Lithium, n (%) | 45 (63) | – | – | 45 (63) | – | – |
| Mood stabilisers (excluding lithium), n (%) | 19 (26) | – | – | 18 (25) | – | – |
| Antipsychotics, n (%) | 14 (19) | – | – | 20 (28) | – | – |
| Antidepressants, n (%) | 31 (43) | – | – | 31 (43) | – | – |
| Number of depressive episodes, T1 – T2, mean (s.d.) | – | – | – | 3.3 (7.3) | – | – |
| Number of mixed episodes, T1 – T2, mean (s.d.) | – | – | – | 0.8 (2.5) | – | – |
| Number of hypomanic episodes, T1 – T2, mean (s.d.) | – | – | – | 1.9 (8.6) | – | – |
| Number of manic episodes, T1 – T2, mean (s.d.) | – | – | – | 1.4 (6.2) | – | – |
| Bipolar disorder I with any mixed or/and manic episode between T1 – T2, n (%) | – | – | – | 23 (52)e | – | – |
| Bipolar disorder I and II with any depressive episode between T1 – T2, n (%) | – | – | – | 51 (73)f | – | – |
IQR, interquartile range; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – version III; YMRS, Young–Ziegler Mania Rating Scale; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; GAF, Global Assessment of Functioning;
a.
Independent t-test.
b.
Total n = 69.
c.
Pearson χ².
d.
Total n= 68.
e.
Total n=44.
f.
Total n=70.