Table 2.
Individuals with bipolar disorder in comparison with healthy controls with respect to the change in performance on cognitive tests between baseline (T1) and follow-up (T2)a
| Comparison of long-term trajectory of cognition in bipolar disorder and healthy controls | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bipolar disorder | Healthy controls | Group × timeb | |||||||
| Cognitive test | T1 mean (s.d.) | T2 mean (s.d.) | n | T1 mean (s.d.) | T2 mean (s.d.) | n | F | P |  |
| Color Word Interference Test 3: Inhibition | 53 (13) | 57 (25) | 61 | 47 (9) | 47(9) | 57 | 4.09 | 0.045 | 0.034 |
| Color Word Interference Test 4: Inhibition/Switching | 61 (15) | 62 (21) | 61 | 55 (12) | 55(17) | 56 | 0.056 | 0.81 | 0.00 |
| Verbal Fluency Test: Category Fluency | 49 (13) | 50 (11) | 66 | 54 (9) | 55 (11) | 55 | 0.046 | 0.83 | 0.000 |
| Verbal Fluency Test: Switching | 15 (3) | 16 (4) | 65 | 17 (3) | 16 (2) | 55 | 3.181 | 0.08 | 0.001 |
| Trail Making Test 4: Switching | 78 (29) | 78 (35) | 56 | 62 (17) | 65 (27) | 55 | 0.16 | 0.69 | 0.003 |
| Rey Complex Figure test: time to copy | 198 (103) | 190 (97) | 66 | 152 (59) | 156 (71) | 55 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0.006 |
| Rey Complex Figure test: immediate recall | 19 (7) | 18 (8) | 67 | 22 (6) | 22 (6) | 57 | 1.946 | 0.17 | 0.016 |
| WAIS-III: Similarities | 23 (6) | 25 (6) | 70 | 27 (4) | 27 (5) | 58 | 5.96 | 0.02 | 0.045 |
| WAIS-III: Block design | 46 (10) | 47 (14) | 71 | 51 (10) | 52 (10) | 59 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.000 |
| WAIS-III: Digit symbol substitution test | 73 (18) | 68 (19) | 71 | 78 (16) | 73 (17) | 58 | 0.001 | 0.97 | 0.000 |
| WAIS-III: Symbol Search | 33 (9) | 33 (10) | 71 | 36 (8) | 38 (8) | 59 | 2.14 | 0.15 | 0.017 |
| WAIS-III - Digit-Symbol-Coding-Incidental Learning | 13 (5) | 12 (5) | 54 | 15 (4) | 14 (5) | 41 | 0.66 | 0.42 | 0.007 |
| Claeson-Dahl Verbal Learning (and Retention) Test | 87 (71) | 77 (62) | 34 | 64 (56) | 49 (48) | 50 | 0.2 | 0.66 | 0.002 |
| Conners’ Continuous Performance Test II Omissions. | 5 (15) | 5 (9) | 45 | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 42 | 0.073 | 0.79 | 0.001 |
WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III.
a.
Results are presented as mean raw scores with standard deviation (s.d.) and statistics for the group × time interaction, adjusted for age at baseline.
b.
Adjusted for age at baseline, 
= partial eta squared = effect size.