Table 3.
Agreement of AD specific LC–ESI–MS/MS results with previous genetic, genomic and biochemical experiments from an automated search of NCBI PubMed
| Gene symbol | Protein name | Protein function | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| APC | Anaphase-promoting complex | The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) pathway was shown to regulate dendritic memory | [132] |
| APOE | Lipid binding and transport | Carboxyl-terminal-truncated Apolipoprotein E4 causes Neurodegeneration in mice | [94] |
| BAG1 | BCL2 Associated Athanogene | Is associated with memory deficit in Alzheimer’s | [33, 34] |
| BRCA1 | RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Transferase | May have a role in neuron death in Alzheimer’s | [133] |
| C1Q & C9 | Complement activation | Upregulation complement C1Q and C9 in AD | [134] |
| CDC27 | APC component catalyzes the formation of cyclin B-ubiquitin conjugate | Knockdown of CDC27 leads to enhanced neurite growth | [135] |
| CDH13 | calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein cadherin 13 | Was implicated in Alzheimer’s | [136] |
| CHD9 | Chromodomain Helicase DNA Binding Protein 9 | Is closely related to a brain specific DNA remodelling enzyme | [137] |
|
CUX CUX1 |
Cut Like Homeobox | Repressor of dendrite morphology and arborisation |
[138] [138] |
| DAPK | The cell death-associated protein kinase family | May be therapeutic targets in AD | [98] |
| DISC1 | Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 | Coiled-coil and leucine zippers that may mediate protein–protein interactions | [44, 46, 87, 126, 130] |
| EXOC3L4 | Variants in the splicing regulatory elements? | Were associated with Alzheimer’s disease | [99] |
| FUT9 | Fucosyltransferase IX | Amyloid β-peptide 1–42 modulates the expression activity | [139] |
| GALNT7 | Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 7, related to GALNT3 | Genomic sequence data has related, with Alzheimer’s disease | [140] |
| GRID2 | Glutamate Ionotropic Receptor Delta Type Subunit 2 | Is important for the function of the NMDA receptor that is a therapeutic target in AD | [100] |
| GRXCR1 | Glutaredoxin And Cysteine Rich Domain Containing 1 | Was observed in the plasma of AD patients and Glutaredoxin was released to the cerebrospinal fluid in the early stages of AD | [101] |
| HACD1 | Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-Like (PTPLA) now referred to as 3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydratase 1 | Genomic methods have indicated that HACD1 plays a role in AD | [141] |
| HMGA1 | High Mobility Group AT-Hook 1 | Induces aberrant exon skipping of Presenilin-2 (PS2) RNA, in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease | [93] |
| HSP90 | Human Hsp90 | May form a toxic complex with Tau in AD | [142] |
| ILK | Integrin-linked Kinase | Expression rescued hippocampal neurogenesis and memory deficits in an AD animal model | [143] |
| KIF12 | Brain specific protein Kinesin | Play a role in cellular transport and secretion, | [89, 114, 144] |
| KIR222 KIR3DP1 | Killer inhibitory receptors | Killer inhibitory receptors similar to KIR222 and KIR3DP1 were associated with Alzheimer’s disease | [102, 103] |
| L3MBTL2 | Genomic variants of Histone Methyl-Lysine Binding Protein 2 | Were significantly associated with AD | [105] |
| MAP3K19 | Dual Leucine Zipper-Bearing Kinases similar to Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinases (MAPKKK) | May play a role in Neuronal Development and Stress Management | [145] |
| METTL17 | Methyltransferases | The inhibition of methyltransferases rescued synaptic and cognitive functions for Alzheimer’s disease | [106] |
| NET1 | RHOGEF Neuroepithelial cell-transforming 1 | Is involved in cell proliferation in neurological development | [107] |
| NEUROG2 | Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Neurogenin 2 | Plays a role in the development of Neurons via the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway | [108] |
| NGF | Nerve Growth Factor | Nerve growth factor governs the development of neurons | [4] |
| NOX1 | NADPH Oxidase | May play a role in neurodegenerative disorders | [146] |
| NPR2 | Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 2 | Internalization of amyloid-β sensitive to natriuretic peptides | [109, 110] |
| NT5C3A | 5'-Nucleotidase | May be expressed in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease | [147] |
| NUP210 | Nucleoporin 210 | The gene is active specifically in the prefrontal cortex neurons | [148] |
| NXNL1 | Rod-Derived Cone Viability Factor Nucleoredoxin Like 1 | Loss of optical sensory nerve cells in retinitis pigmenstosa | [97] |
| NXNL1 | Nucleoredoxin Like 1 | TAU phosphorylation is increased in NXNL1 (−/−) mice | [95] |
| OGFOD3 | 2-Oxoglutarate-dependent Dioxygenases | Sense energy metabolism, oxygen and iron homeostasis that might have a role in aging | [149] |
| OR8B12 | Olfactory receptor 8B | Known to be expressed in the brain and is a target of autoimmune response in AD | [83] |
| OSBPL1A | Like Oxysterol-binding protein-1 (OSBP1) | Modulates processing and trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein | [150] |
| PCGF2 | Polycomb Group Ring Finger 2 | May be involved in complexes that participate in amyloid signalling in neurodegenerative disorders | [151] |
| PDCD5 | Programmed Cell Death 5 | May play a role in programmed cell death observed in neurodegenerative disorders | [111] |
| PDE4C | Phosphodiesterase 4C | Inhibition of phosphodiesterase investigated for the treatment of AD | [152] |
| PDZD9 | PDZ Domain proteins | Interact with amyloid precursor protein | [153] |
| PHACTR4 | Phosphatase and actin regulator 4 | Regulates Actin Dynamics and Cofilin-Actin Rods in AD | [154] |
| PRKCD | Protein Kinase C Delta | Is associated with a dysregulated Fc Gamma Receptor-mediated phagocytosis pathway in AD | [104] |
| PRKN | Parkinson Protein 2, E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase formerly PARK2 | Deubiquitinating Enzymes Regulate PRKN -mediated Mitophagy neurodegenerative disorders | [120] |
| RAD52 | RAD52 Homolog, DNA Repair Protein | Defects in RAD52 Homolog, DNA Repair Protein (RAD52) may contribute to neurodegeneration in AD | [155] |
| SGK3 | Serum/Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinase Family Member 3 | May reflect the role of glucocorticoid receptors in AD | [156] |
| SLC24A2 | Solute Carrier Family 24 (Sodium/Potassium/Calcium Exchanger), Member 2 | Genomic evidence has shown associations between mutations in SLC24A4 in AD | [157] |
| SLC30A1 | Solute Carrier Family 30 Member 1 (SLC30A1) | Alterations in Zinc Transporter protein observed in the brain of subjects with AD | [158] |
| SMPD3 | Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase 3 | Deficiency causes progressive cognitive impairment | [91] |
| SORBS3 | Genomic mutations in Sorbin and SH3 Domain Containing 3 | Were associated with Alzheimer’s disease | [112] |
| SPEG UBE2L3 | Striated Muscle Enriched Protein Kinase & Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme E2 G1 | SPEG and UBE2L3 were differentially methylated genes associated with cognitive impairment | [40, 41] |
| SYTL4 | Synaptotagmin Like 4 | Exocytosis or secretion from neurological synapses | [92] |
| TAGLN2 | Transgelin 2 | Quantitative protein profiling of Hippocampus showed that Transgelin 2 (TAGLN2) expression increased during human aging [159] | [159] |
| TBATA | Thymus, Brain And Testes Associated | Role in neurite outgrowth increased in the circulation in AD | [114] |
| TNF | Tumor Necrosis Factor | TNF degradation products in plasma were observed herein but a recent review concludes there is no increase in circulating TNF- α in Alzheimer’s disease [115] | [115] |
| TNFRSF14 | TNF Receptor Superfamily Member 14 | Genetic Deletion of TNF Receptor Superfamily member II, enhanced AD Pathology in an Mouse Model | [116] |
| TNIK | TRAF2 and NCK Interacting Kinase | Observed in inclusion body-like structures in cognitively impaired and genetic association study indicated that TNIK gene variants had a significant association with Alzheimer-type dementia risk | [118] |
| TPH1 | Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 | Was mis-regulated in the human hippocampus in AD | [160] |
| TRAF4 | TNF Receptor Associated Factor 4 | Expression of TNF Receptor Associated Factor similar to TRAF4 was observed in Mouse Models of Down's Syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease | [117] |
| TRIML2 | Polymorphisms in Tripartite Motif Family-Like 2 | TRIM14 associated with Alzheimer’s disease Risk | [119] |
| VTI1B | Vesicle Transport Through Interaction With T-SNAREs 1B | Cell death occurs upon loss of t-SNAREs that may interact with VTI1B | [121, 122] |
| WDR82 | WD repeat-containing protein 82 | Neurodegeneration was associated with mutations in the WD repeat domain 45 (WDR45) | [161] |
| ZC3H12A | Zinc Finger CCCH-Type Containing 12A Endoribonuclease | Genetic variation in imprinted genes such as ZC3H12A is associated with the risk of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease | [162] |
| ZNF671 | Zinc Finger Proteins nucleic acid binding and transcription | Exome Sequencing identified Alzheimer's-Associated Variants in zinc finger domain protein ZNF655 | [163, 164] |