Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and analytical results of the sample
| Characteristics | All (n = 62) | ACUTE DMSA | FOLLOW-UP DMSA | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal (n = 25) | PN (n = 35) | p-value | Normal (n = 24) | RS (n = 7) | p-value | ||
| Age, months | 6.9 (2.5–11.3) | 4 (1.3–9.8) | 9.1 (4.6–16.7) | < 0.01 | 7.3 (2.9–11.6) | 48 (10.7–71.1) | < 0.01 |
| Age > 6 months | 34 (54.8) | 10 (40) | 24 (68.6) | 0.03 | 14 (58.3) | 7 (100) | 0.07 |
| Sex, female | 34 (54.8) | 12 (48) | 22 (62.9) | 0.3 | 13 (54.2) | 6 (85.7) | 0.2 |
| Max. temp, °C | 39.1 (38.5–39.7) | 39 (38.3–39.8) | 39.1 (38.5–39.8) | 0.6 | 39.2 (38.5–39.8) | 39.5 (39–40) | 0.1 |
| Fever at admission, hours | 42 (24–90) | 24 (12–48) | 48 (24–96) | 0.06 | 48 (24–96) | 48 (24–72) | > 0.9 |
| Hospital stay, days | 4 (3–5) | 3 (3–4) | 4 (3–5) | 0.2 | 4 (3–5) | 6 (5–9) | 0.01 |
| Pathological US | 18 (29) | 18 (51.4) | < 0.001 | 9 (37,5) | 6 (85.7) | 0.04 | |
| Urine | |||||||
| Leucocyturia > 75/mL | 56 (90.3) | 22 (88) | 32 (94.1) | 0.6 | 22 (95.7) | 6 (85.7) | 0.4 |
| Proteinuria > 30 mg/dL | 29 (46.8) | 10 (40) | 19 (55.9) | 0.2 | 10 (43.5) | 7 (100) | 0.01 |
| Hematuria > 20/ml | 32 (51.6) | 8 (32) | 23 (67.6) | < 0.01 | 14 (60.9) | 6 (85.7) | 0.4 |
| Nitrites | 21 (33.9) | 4 (16) | 16 (47.1) | 0.01 | 11 (47.8) | 2 (28.6) | 0.4 |
| Sodium, nmol/L | 20 (8.3–64.8) | 9.5 (5–30.8) | 25 (17–81.5) | 0.02 | 24 (16–87) | 25 (16–104.5) | 0.9 |
| Potassium, nmol/L | 23.1 (13.9–36.4) | 14.3 (11.7–29) | 31.4 (20.1–37.6) | 0.04 | 23.6 (16.1–35.2) | 36.2 (29.5–55.6) | 0.07 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 15 (10.3–32.8) | 13 (5–25.9) | 18.5 (13–41.3) | 0.02 | 17 (13–26,8) | 41.4 (11–94.1) | 0.3 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1′72 m2 | 75.7 (57.8–89.7) | 80.4 (55.7–89.6) | 71.6 (58.5–89.5) | 0.7 | 77.1 (60.1–95.2) | 57.6 (51.3–67.7) | 0.03 |
| Pathological eGFR | 28 (47.5) | 9 (36) | 19 (57.6) | 0.1 | 11 (45,8) | 6 (85.7) | < 0.01 |
| Pathological FENa | 9 (15.8) | 2 (8.7) | 7 (21.2) | 0.3 | 6 (25) | 1 (14.3) | 0.06 |
| Plasma | |||||||
| Sodium, nmol/L | 136 (135–138) | 137 (135.3–138) | 136 (134–138) | 0.3 | 137 (135–138) | 136 (134–138) | 0.4 |
| Potassium, nmol/L | 4.4 (4.1–4.8) | 4.5 (4.1–4.8) | 4.3 (4–4.8) | 0.6 | 4.4 (4.2–4.9) | 3.9 (3.4–4.1) | 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.37 (0.32–0.45) | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.4 (0.33–0.49) | 0.1 | 0.4 (0.3–0.4) | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.001 |
| Leucocytes × 103/mL | 17.2 (12.3–19.9) | 12.8 (8.1–19) | 19.1 (14.8–21.7) | < 0.01 | 19,2 (15–21,6) | 19.5 (14.4–22.9) | 0.9 |
| Biomarkers | |||||||
| CRP, mg/L | 72.8 (23.4–104.9) | 34 (11.6–75.6) | 95.3 (68–160.8) | < 0.001 | 80,5 (50,4 - 108,5) | 261.3 (99.6–301.5) | < 0.01 |
| PCT, ng/mL | 0.37 (0.15–2.09) | 0.21 (0.1–0.86) | 1.09 (0.37–12.24) | 0.02 | 0.7 (0.2–4,7) | 34.5 (7.2–59.1) | 0.02 |
| P-MR-proADM, nmol/L | 0.62 (0.47–0.74) | 0.63 (0.53–0.83) | 0.59 (0.45–0.72) | 0.3 | 0.48 (0.43–0.63) | 1.07 (0.66–1.59) | < 0.01 |
| P-MR-proADM > 0.55 nmol/L | 34 (54.8) | 15 (68.2) | 17 (53.1) | 0.3 | 7 (31,8) | 6 (100) | < 0.01 |
| U-MR-proADM, nmol/L | 0.36 (0.17–0.74) | 0.23 (0.14–0.5) | 0.56 (0.19–0.82) | 0.04 | 0.48 (0.19–0.74) | 2.41 (0.33–4.30) | 0.07 |
| U-MR-proADM /UCr | 0.37 (0.19–0.53) | 0.37 (0.19–0.54) | 0.32 (0.16–0.47) | 0.8 | 0.22 (0.14–0.44) | 0.44 (0.34–0.82) | 0.09 |
| FE MRproADM, % | 1.85 (0.73–2.73) | 1.56 (0.5–2.64) | 1.94 (0.97–2.73) | 0.5 | 1.32 (0.65–2.79) | 2.43 (1.42–4.45) | 0.3 |
| MR-proADM U/P | 0.53 (0.23–1.06) | 0.35 (0.16–0.76) | 0.84 (0.33–1.3) | 0.08 | 0.74 (0.33–1,11) | 0.79 (0.41–2.75) | 0.4 |
Data presented as median (interquartile range: P25-p75) or n (%)
DMSA: 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy, PN: Pyelonephritis, RS: renal scarring, US: ultrasonography, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, FENa: Fractional excretion of Sodium, CRP: C reactive protein, PCT: procalcitonine, P-MR-proADM: Plasmatic midregional-proadrenomedullin, U-MR-proADM: urinary midregional-proadrenomedullin, UCr: urinary creatinine, FE MRproADM: fractional excretion of MR-proADM