Extended Data Fig. 4 |. Major and minor salivary glands are infected by SARS-CoV-2.

a, Viral load in minor salivary glands (SG) is generally higher when compared to parotid glands (PG) using ddPCR (n = 8 pairs, mean +/−s.e.m. = 1.38 +/−0.90 and 0.25 +/−0.16; respectively; p = 0.0625, Wilcoxon 2-sided signed-rank test). b, Infection and replication were tested using RNAscope^® spike (V-nCoV2019-S), sense (V-nCoV2019-orf1ab-sense), and controls (See Fig. 4b–e, Fig. 5, Extended Data Fig. 5); 1 independent replication. Positive and negative controls for spike and sense probes are presented. c, Compared to minor SG (Fig. 4b–e), in situ hybridization (ISH) also reveals infection and replication in PG. d, Quantification of spike and sense signal per cell in P19 minor SG, P19 PG, and CoV49 minor SG reveals. The majority of cells in the minor SG expressed less than 7 positive signals per-cell that were well-correlated. e,f, (e) More summary immunophenotyping scoring (0-3) data from the submandibular SG and submucosal SG of the upper respiratory tract (minor and parotid gland data can be seen in Fig. 4g); 1 independent replication. f, Representative immunophenotyping studies on a parotid gland from COVID-19 autopsy (P19) demonstrating mild, non-specific sialadenitis with a predominant T cell infiltrate with the expression of HLA-DR in the ducts and acini associated with inflammation; 1 independent replication. Scale bars: (b) 25μm, (c) 10μm, (f) black: 500μm; white: 100μm. A solid black box highlights the area highlighted in the inset. Experiments using immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization confocal microscopy were completed on tissue sections from at least 4 separate individuals (5 minor, 4 PG). Immunophenotyping and was performed using autopsy sections (N =18 total tissue blocks) from individual specimens (N = 10). Three pathologists (BMW, DEK, and BG) independently scored the cases; disagreements were settled by consensus discussion.