Table 3.
Potential Targets in Pancreatic Cancer.
| Molecular targets | Molecular pathways | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| a. Transmembrane Receptor Proteins and downstream signaling cascade | The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs): Ras/MAPK, PI3K/AKT, PLCγ/PKC, and JAK/STATs. | [190,191] |
| The phosphoinositide 3 kinases/AKT/ mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway |
[191] | |
| EGFR: detected in up to 90% of PDAC | [192] | |
| FGF/FGFR: The fibroblast growth factor (FGF)/FGFR pathway plays a key role in PDAC development and progression. |
[193] | |
| IGF/IGFR: high expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF1R | [192] | |
| TRK: TRK gene fusions | [194,195] | |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/vegfr): Angiogenesis pathway | [192] | |
| b. Other pathways | WNT/β-CATENIN: | [196,197] |
| NOTCH: | [197] | |
| ROUNDABOUT (ROBO) RECEPTORS/ SLIT GLYCOPROTEIN LIGANDS (SLIT): | [198,199] | |
| TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA (TGF-β): | [192,197] | |
| HEDGEHOG (Hh): | [35,200,201] | |
| NEUREGULIN-1 (NRG1): | [202] | |
| c. Tumor-Suppressor Genes | TP53: | [197] |
| SMAD4 (DPC4): | [203] | |
| BRCA: | [204–206] | |
| MMR DEFICIENCY | [145] | |
| EMT | [193,197,207] | |
| Extracellular Matrix (ECM) | [208,209] | |
| Cancer Stem Cells | [210] |