Figure 4.

Probable mechanisms of the effect of N. sativa on rheumatoid arthritis. NF-κB = Inhibition of the nuclear factor-kappa B; TNF-α = Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL-1β = Interleukin-1β; IL-6 = Interleukin-6; IFN-γ = Interferon-gamma; MMP-3 = Matrix metalloproteinase 3; COX = Cyclooxygenase; iNOS = Inducible nitric oxide synthase; GSH = Glutathione; CAT = Catalase; GPX = Glutathione peroxidase; GSTs = Glutathione S-transferases; SOD = Superoxide dismutase; NO = Nitric oxide; MDA = Malondialdehyde; ROS = Reactive oxygen species; RNS = Reactive nitrogen species; Th1 = Type 1 helper T-cells; Th2 = Type 2 helper T-cells; IL-10 = Interleukin-10; IL-13 = Interleukin-13