Table 1.
Effects of Nigella sativa on cardiovascular, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis risk factors in experimental studies
| Author (year) | Country (reference number) | n | Type and dose of N.S administered | Duration | Outcome measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Enayatfard et al. (2019)[35] | Iran | 21 hypertensive rats | 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg N.S | Once injection | Dose-dependent reduction in systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and heart rate |
| El-Gindy et al. (2019)[36] | Egypt | 54 growing V-line unsexed rabbits | 300 or 600 mg of N.S seed/kg | 8 weeks | Significantly improved body weight, ↑RBCs and WBCs ↑IgG and IgM immune responses, ↓ serum total lipids, TG, LDL, and MDA, and ↑HDL and total antioxidant capacity. |
| Ahmed and Hassanein (2013)[94] | Egypt | 45 Albino rats | N.S oil (4 ml/kg) orally | Once administration | ↓heart rate, ST-segment change, pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and cardiac tissue damage |
| Randhawa (2013)[95] | India | 16 Wistar albino rats | 0.2 ml/kg/day, intraperitoneally | 6 weeks | ↓blood pressure, oxidative injury, improved left ventricular function |
| Babaei Bonab and Tofighi (2019)[96] | Iran | 35 male Wistar rats with T2M | 400mg/kg/day | 8 weeks | Improvement in lipid profile (LDL, HDL, TC, and TG), FBG, HbA1c, and insulin resistance |
| Ahmad and Alkreathy (2018)[97] | Saudi Arabia | 48 male Albino Wistar rats | 2 ml/kg, p.o | 7 days | Improvement in lipid profile (TC, LDL, HDL, and TG) |
| Muneera et al. (2015)[98] | Pakistan | 30 Sprague Dawley rats | 1000mg/kg/day | 6 weeks | Improvement in the lipid profile of rats |
| Al-Hader et al. (1993)[99] | Jordan | Diabetic rabbits | 50 mg/kg volatile oil extract of N.S | 2, 4, and 6 h | Showed significant decreases in FBG levels |
| Meral et al. (2001)[44] | Turkey | 15 New Zealand male rabbits | 20 ml/kg aqueous extract of N.S | 2 months | ↑GSH and ceruloplasmin concentrations ↓MDA and glucose levels |
| El-Dakhakhny et al. (2002)[54] | Egypt | Diabetic rats | 0.4g/kg N.S oil | 2, 4, and 6 weeks | ↓blood glucose concentration |
| Kanter et al. (2003)[59] | Turkey | 46 male Wistar rats | 0.2 ml/kg/day volatile oil of N.S | 4 weeks | ↓GSH, glucose level, and serum NO ↑Insulin level |
| Fararh et al. (2004)[74] | Japan | Male Syrian hamsters | 400 mg/kg body weight/day of N.S oil | 4 weeks | ↓total glycated hemoglobin |
| Rchid et al. (2004)[61] | - | Rat pancreatic cells | 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 5 mg/ml whole, basic, and acidic subfractions of N.S | 30 min | A significant stimulatory effect on insulin release has been observed |
| Mansi et al. (2005)[55] | Jordan | Diabetic rats | 20 ml/kg/day aqueous extract of N.S | 15 days | ↑Insulin level and ↓Glucose level |
| Mansi (2006)[100] | Jordan | Diabetic rats | 20 ml/kg aqueous extract of N.S | 3 weeks | ↑Insulin level |
| Kaleem et al. (2006)[101] | India | Wister rats | 300 mg/kg/day ethanol extract of N.S | 4 weeks | ↑Catalase, SOD and insulin levels ↓Lipid peroxidation, GPX and glutathione ↓Body weight |
| Houcher et al. (2007)[56] | Algeria | Diabetic rats | 810 mg/kg/day 2.5 ml/kg/day methanol extract of N.S and N.S oil | 25 days | ↓Glucose level ↑TAC |
| Kanter (2008)[58] | Turkey | diabetic rats | N.S in a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight and TQ 50 mg/kg body weight once a day | 12 weeks | ↓Serum glucose |
| AL-Logmani (2009)[102] | Saudi Arabia | 40 diabetic male Wistar rats | N.S oil | 3 weeks | ↓Blood glucose |
| Meddah et al. (2009)[59] | Morocco | Rat jejunum |
In vitro: 0.1 pg/ml to 100 ng/ml In vivo: 2g/kg |
6 weeks |
In vivo: glucose tolerance and body weight improvement In vitro: inhibition of glucose absorption |
| Benhaddou-Andaloussi et al. (2010)[103] | Morocco | C2C12 skeletal muscle cells and 3T3-L1 adiposities | Ethanol extract of N.S | 18 h | ↑Glucose uptake in skeletal cells and adiposities |
| Fararh et al. (2010)[53] | Egypt | Diabetic rats | 50 mg/kg/day TQ | 20 days | ↓ Plasma glucose, TC, TG ↑ Insulin concentration |
| Abdelmeguid et al. (2010)[62] | Egypt | Diabetic rats | 2 mL⁄kg, i.p., 5% N. S Extract 0.2 mL⁄kg, i.p, N.S oil, or 3 mg⁄mL, i.p., TQ |
30 days | ↓ glucose and improve serum insulin levels |
| Salama (2011)[52] | Saudi Arabia | Diabetic rats | 500 mg/kg N.S oil | 4 weeks | ↓Glucose concentration ↑insulin, c-peptide, and TAC |
| Al-Logmani and Zari (2011)[104] | Saudi Arabia | Diabetic Wistar rats | Diet containing 5% N.S oil | 7 weeks |
N. sativa oil decreased blood glucose levels |
| Alimohammadi et al. (2013)[105] | Iran | Diabetic rats | 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg hydroalcoholic N.S extract | 32 days | 5 mg/kg: ↓FBS ↑Insulin secretion |
| Mohamed et al. (2015)[51] | Saudi Arabia | Nonalcoholic fatty liver in obese diabetic albino rats | 100mg/kg aqueous extract of N.S seed | 4 weeks | ↓FBS ↓TG, TC |
| Asaduzzaman et al. (2015)[106] | Bangladesh | Diabetic rats | 300 mg/kg body weight of ethanol extract of N.S | 28 days | ↓TG, TC, LDL, and FBG ↑HDL |
| Al-Trad et al. (2016)[107] | Jordan | Experimental diabetic rats | 50 mg/kg TQ and 2 mL/kg N.S oil | 10 weeks | N.S oil or TQ significantly reduced blood glucose level compared with that in untreated diabetic rats |
| Umar et al. (2012)[75] | India | Three groups of six Wistar albino rats each with collagen-induced arthritis | 5 mg/ kg TQ PO | 21 days | ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN- γ, PGE2, articular elastase, myeloperoxidase, lipoxygenase, and NO ↑IL-10, SOD, GPX, and catalase |
| Vaillancourt et al. (2011)[76] | Canada | 24 female Lewis rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced arthritis | 5 mg/ kg TQ PO | 7 days | ↓ LPS-induced IL-1β, TNF-α, MMP-13, Cox-2, and PGE2 |
| Tekeoglu et al. (2006)[108] | Turkey | Five groups of seven Wistar albino rats each with collagen-induced arthritis | 2.5 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg TQ PO | 7 days | ↓ TNF-α and IL-1β |
| Mohamed et al. (2003)[109] | Canada | 24 mice with inducing inflammation | 1 mg/kg TQ iv | 5 days and 12 days | Mice received TQ at day 12: Higher levels of GSH Significant reduction of symptoms of inflammation |
| Faisal et al. (2015)[110] | Pakistan | 32 rats with collagen-induced arthritis | 2mg/kg/day TQ by i.p injection | 15 days | ↓ in clinical score of inflammation and differentiation leucocyte counts |
| Zhong (2017) | China | 60 rabbit osteoarthritis model | 1mg/kg/day TQ by intra-articular injection | 9 weeks | ↓ in MMP-13 mRNA and cartilage lesions |
| Chen et al. (2010)[111] | China | 20 rabbit osteoarthritis model | 10 µmol/L TQ intra-articular injection |
4 weeks | Inhibited NF-kB p65 ↓ IL-1β Suppressed the MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 gene expression |
N.S=Nigella sativa; TQ=thymoquinone; i.p=intraperitoneal; RBC=Red blood cells; WBC=White blood cells; TG=Triglyceride; TC=Total cholesterol; LDL=Low-density lipoprotein; HDL=High-density lipoprotein; MDA=Malondialdehyde; IgG=Immunoglobulin G; IgM=Immunoglobulin M; FBG=Fasting blood glucose; HbA1C=Glycated hemoglobin; IL-1β=Interleukin-1 beta; IL-6=Interleukin-6; TNF-α=Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IFN- γ=Interferon-gamma; PGE2=Prostaglandin E2; GSH=Glutathione; NO=Nitric oxide, GPX=Glutathione peroxidase; TAC=Total antioxidant capacity; IL-10=Interleukin-10; LPS=Lipopolysaccharide; MMP=Matrix metalloproteinase; Cox-2=Cyclooxygenase 2; NFkB= Nuclear factor-κB