Table 3.
Commonly used neuromonitoring devices
| Device | Physiological parameter | Global vs. focal physiology | Interpretation/derived indices |
| Invasive neuromonitoring devices | |||
| ICP monitor (Intraparenchymal/ventricular catheters) | ICP | Global | Raised intracranial pressure reduces cerebral perfusionCPP, pressure-reactivity index, intracranial elastance |
| Parenchymal (PbtO2) | Brain tissue partialtension of oxygen | Focal | Oxygen diffusionBalance between oxygen supply and demand |
| Jugular venous oximetry (SjvO2) | Oxygen saturation of jugular haemoglobin | Global | Global cerebral oxygenation and extractionCerebral arterojugular difference in oxygen content |
| Cerebral microdialysis | Cerebral metabolism and biomarkers | Focal | Aerobic or anaerobic metabolism, brain injury severity and inflammation |
| Temperature monitoring (Intraparenchymal probe) | Brain temperature | Focal | Gradient between core and brain temperature |
| Intraparenchymal thermal diffusion flowmetry | Cerebral blood flow | Focal | Hypoperfusion or hyperperfusion |
| Noninvasive neuromonitoring devices | |||
| Electroencephalography | Cortical electrical activity | Global | Seizure activity, abnormal patterns |
| Optic nerve sheath ultrasonography | Optic nerve-sheathdiameter | Global | Elevated value is an indirect marker of raised ICP |
| Quantitative pupillometry | ICP | Global | Low NPi is associated with sustained elevations of ICP |
| Transcranial Doppler | Cerebral blood velocity | Focal | Indicative of regional cerebral ischemiaCritical closing pressure, cerebral arterial impedance |
| Near-infrared spectroscopy | Cerebrovascular oxygen saturation | Focal | Cerebral blood flow, cerebral autoregulation |
Adapted from Stochetti et al.[12].