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The principles of RED and iontophoretic drug delivery (A) the transport of cations and anions during the controlled mixing of saltwater and freshwater through selective ion exchange membranes (B) the net flow of drug solution from the anode to the cathode (or from the cathode to the anode according to charge of drug solution) under the influence of an electric current. AEM: anion exchange membrane; CEM: cation exchange membrane.
