Table 2. Physicochemical and metabolic profile of antihypertensives showing poor oral bioavailability.

Class	Drug	Metabolism	Solubility	Log P	Bioavailability
Calcium channel  blocker	Nisoldipine	Extensive gut wall metabolism, CYP3A4 substrate	5.7 μg/ml	3.1	<5%
	Nitrendipine	Extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism by CYP3A4	2 μg/ml	3.59	10–20%
	Lacidipine	Completely metabolized in liver by CYP3A4	0.84 μg/ml	5	10%
	Verapamil	Extensively metabolized by CYP2C8, CYP2C18,  and CYP2C9	7 mg/ml	3.8	10–20%
	Nifedipine	Hepatic metabolism by CYP3A4	20 μg/ml	2.20	45–56
	Amlodipine	Metabolized by CYP3A4	75.3 μg/ml	2.22	64%
	Felodipine	Inclusively metabolized by CYP3A4	7.15 μg/ml	4.36	15%
AT1 blocker	Olmesartan	Not metabolized by cytochrome P450 but is metabolized  by liver esterase	7.75 μg/ml	5.5	26%
	Valsartan	CYP2C9	< 0.1 mg/ml	5.8	<25%
Beta blocker	Carvedilol	CYP1A2, CYP3A4, CYP1A1 CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2C9	0.583 μg/ml	4.1	20%
Renin Inhibitor	Aliskiren	CYP3A4-mediated hepatic metabolism	122 mg/ml as hemifumarate salt	2.45	2.5%