Table 3.
Profiling of (a) aerosolization and inhalation performances of nanoemulsions determined using the Anderson cascade impaction and gravimetric methods, and (b) their relationship with the physicochemical properties of nanoemulsions.
| (a)Parameter | First-generation nanoemulsion (L3) | Second-generation nanoemulsion (L7) | Third-generation nanoemulsion (L9) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Aerosol Output (%) | 99.27 ± 0.41 | 98.82 ± 0.35 | 98.53 ± 0.74 | ||
| Aerosol output rate (g/min) | 0.19 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | ||
| TD (mg) | 2.63 | 2.63 | 2.63 | ||
| ED (mg) | 2.49 ± 0.17 | 2.44 ± 0.09 | 2.35 ± 0.05 | ||
| DD (mg) | 2.10 ± 0.20 | 2.00 ± 0.15 | 2.00 ± 0.08 | ||
| PD (%) | 94.68 ± 6.64 | 93.04 ± 3.62 | 90.00 ± 1.81 | ||
| PI (%) | 79.85 ± 7.63 | 76.04 ± 5.63 | 75.93 ± 3.18 | ||
| MMAD (µm) | 3.02 ± 0.19 | 3.21 ± 0.67 | 3.84 ± 0.38 | ||
| GSD | 2.03 ± 0.13 | 2.12 ± 0.20 | 2.24 ± 0.02 | ||
| FPD 0–f (mg) | 2.10 ± 0.20 | 2.00 ± 0.15 | 1.99 ± 0.08 | ||
| FPF | 84.38 ± 6.14 | 81.70 ± 4.47 | 84.67 ± 2.52 | ||
| RF | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 100.0 ± 0.0 | ||
| FPD<5µm (mg) | 1.82 ± 0.22 | 1.65 ± 0.21 | 1.47 ± 0.12 | ||
| FPF | 73.15 ± 5.17 | 67.71 ± 10.23 | 62.37 ± 4.58 | ||
| RF | 86.79 ± 4.52 | 82.75 ± 10.68 | 73.60 ± 3.27 | ||
| FPD<3µm (mg) | 1.66 ± 0.23 | 1.45 ± 0.31 | 1.15 ± 0.14 | ||
| FPF | 66.75 ± 5.31 | 59.79 ± 14.61 | 48.88 ± 5.58 | ||
| RF | 79.26 ± 6.35 | 72.97 ± 16.58 | 57.64 ± 4.95 | ||
| (b) | |||||
| Total aerosol output |
r
|
p
|
Aerosol output rate |
r
|
p
|
| Size | –0.995 | .064** | Size | –1.000 | .017* |
| PDI | –0.818 | .390 | PDI | –0.773 | .437 |
| pH | 0.549 | .630 | pH | 0.610 | .583 |
| Zeta potential | –0.584 | .603 | Zeta potential | –0.522 | .650 |
| Specific viscosity | –0.499 | .667 | Specific viscosity | –0.434 | .714 |
| Surface tension | –0.996 | .056** | Surface tension | –1.000 | .010* |
| Refractive index | –0.556 | .624 | Refractive index | –0.616 | .578 |
| PD |
r
|
p
|
PI |
r
|
p
|
| Size | –0.981 | .124 | Size | –0.889 | .302 |
| PDI | –0.625 | .571 | PDI | –0.975 | .144 |
| pH | 0.768 | .443 | pH | 0.204 | .869 |
| Zeta potential | –0.323 | .791 | Zeta potential | –0.841 | .364 |
| Specific viscosity | –0.225 | .855 | Specific viscosity | –0.782 | .429 |
| Surface tension | –0.979 | .131 | Surface tension | –0.894 | .296 |
| Refractive index | –0.724 | .485 | Refractive index | –0.139 | .911 |
| FPF<5 µm |
r
|
P
|
FPF<3 µm |
r
|
p
|
| Size | –1.0 | .012* | Size | –0.989 | .096** |
| PDI | –0.752 | .458 | PDI | –0.658 | .542 |
| pH | 0.643 | .555 | pH | 0.739 | .471 |
| Zeta potential | –0.484 | .679 | Zeta potential | –0.364 | .763 |
| Specific viscosity | –0.393 | .743 | Specific viscosity | –0.268 | .827 |
| Surface tension | –1.000 | .019* | Surface tension | –0.987 | .103 |
| Refractive index | –0.592 | .597 | Refractive index | –0.693 | .513 |
| RF<5 µm |
R
|
P
|
RF<3 µm |
r
|
p
|
| Size | –0.970 | .155 | Size | –0.966 | .166 |
| PDI | –0.586 | .602 | PDI | –0.572 | .612 |
| pH | 0.788 | .412 | pH | 0.808 | .401 |
| Zeta potential | –0.276 | .822 | Zeta potential | –0.26 | .833 |
| Specific viscosity | –0.177 | .886 | Specific viscosity | –0.161 | .897 |
| Surface tension | –0.968 | .162 | Surface tension | –0.963 | .173 |
| Refractive index | –0.757 | .453 | Refractive index | –0.768 | .443 |
Level of significance *p < .050, **p < .100.