Table 1.
Baseline sample characteristics
| All | MMM | Health Education | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 241 | 120 | 121 |
| Age in years, mean (sd) | 9.5 (1.4) | 9.5 (1.4) | 9.5 (1.5) |
| Female, n (%) | 134 (55.6%) | 69 (57.5%) | 65 (53.7%) |
| Race/Ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Latinx | 236 (97.9%) | 117 (97.5%) | 119 (98.3%) |
| Black | 4 (1.7%) | 2 (1.7%) | 2 (1.7%) |
| Other | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 |
| Number of adults living in the household. n (%) | |||
| 1 Adult | 13 (5.4%) | 8 (6.7%) | 5 (4.1%) |
| 2 Adults | 137 (56.8%) | 69 (57.5%) | 68 (56.2%) |
| 3 Adults | 56 (23.2%) | 28 (23.3%) | 28 (23.1%) |
| 4 or more Adults | 35 (14.5%) | 15 (12.5%) | 20 (16.5%) |
| Number of children living in the household, n (%) | 2.7 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.1) |
| 1 Child | 26 (10.8%) | 8 (6.7%) | 5 (4.1%) |
| 2 children | 90 (37.3%) | 69 (57.5%) | 68 (56.2%) |
| 3 children | 83 (34.4%) | 28 (23.3%) | 28 (23.1%) |
| 4 children | 30 (12.4%) | 15 (12.5%) | 20 (16.5%) |
| 5 or more children | 12 (5.0%) | 8 (6.7%) | 5 (4.1%) |
| Families who own their own home, n (%) | 42 (17.4%) | 23 (19.2%) | 19 (15.7%) |
| Index Parent/guardian age in years, mean (sd) | 37.2 (6.9) | 37.4 (7.0) | 37.0 (6.8) |
| Index Parent/Guardian female, n (%) | 229 (95.0%) | 114 (95.0%) | 115 (95.0%) |
| Index Parent/Guardian relationship to child n (%) | |||
| Biological Mother | 226 (93.8%) | 112 (93.3%) | 114 (94.2%) |
| Step Mother | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 |
| Grandmother | 1 (0.4%) | 0 | 1 (0.8%) |
| Aunt | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 |
| Biological Father | 12 (5.0%) | 6 (5.0%) | 6 (5.0%) |
| Index Parent/Guardian race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||
| Latinx | 234 (97.1%) | 115 (95.8%) | 119 (98.3%) |
| Black | 4 (1.7%) | 2 (1.7%) | 2 (1.7%) |
| white | 1 (0.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 |
| other | 2 (0.8%) | 2 (1.7%) | 0 |
| Parent/Guardian marital status, n (%) | |||
| Married | 207 (85.9%) | 99 (82.5%) | 108 (89.3%) |
| Single-Never Married, Divorced/Separated or Widowed | 34 (14.1%) | 21 (17.5%) | 13 (10.7%) |
| Maximum household education level, n (%) | |||
| 8th grade or less | 96 (39.8%) | 51 (42.5%) | 45 (37.2%) |
| Attended some high school | 57 (23.7%) | 26 (21.7%) | 31 (25.6%) |
| High School graduate | 41 (17.0%) | 20 (16.7%) | 21 (17.4%) |
| Some College/Technical School or Associate’s degree | 42 (17.4%) | 20 (16.7%) | 22 (18.2%) |
| Bachelor’s degree or higher | 5 (2.1%) | 3 (2.5%) | 2 (1.7%) |
| English spoken at home, n (%) | |||
| Never | 99 (41.1%) | 58 (48.3%) | 41 (33.9%) |
| Sometimes | 98 (40.7%) | 42 (35.0%) | 56 (46.3%) |
| About half the time | 28 (11.6%) | 11 (9.2%) | 17 (14.0%) |
| Most of the time or always | 16 (6.6%) | 9 (7.5%) | 7 (5.8%) |
| One or more parent born in U.S., n (%) | 22 (9.1%) | 11 (9.2%) | 11 (9.1%) |
| Female caregiver’s employment status, n (%) | |||
| Working full time | 73 (30.3%) | 36 (30.0%) | 37 (30.6%) |
| Working part time | 62 (25.7%) | 31 (25.8%) | 31 (25.6%) |
| Not working for pay | 106 (44.0%) | 53 (44.2%) | 53 (43.8%) |
| Male caregiver’s employment status, n (%) | |||
| Working full time | 155 (64.3%) | 74 (61.7%) | 81 (66.9%) |
| Working part time | 39 (16.2%) | 19 (15.8%) | 20 (16.5%) |
| Not working for pay | 10 (4.1%) | 3 (2.5%) | 7 (5.8%) |
| (No male caregiver in household) | 37 (15.4%) | 24 (20.0%) | 13 (10.8%) |
| Annual total household income, n (%) | |||
| Refusal to respond, prefer not to answer | 60 (24.9%) | 29 (24.2%) | 31 (25.6%) |
| Less than $15,000 | 37 (15.4%) | 19 (15.8%) | 18 (14.9%) |
| $15,000–24,999 | 60 (24.9%) | 35 (29.2%) | 25 (20.7%) |
| $25,000–$34,999 | 36 (14.9%) | 16 (13.3%) | 20 (16.5%) |
| $35,000–$49,999 | 32 (13.3%) | 12 (10.0%) | 20 (16.5%) |
| $50,000 or more | 16 (6.6%) | 9 (7.5%) | 7 (5.8%) |
| Food Insecurity n (%) | |||
| High food security | 139 (57.7%) | 70 (58.3%) | 69 (57.0%) |
| Low food security | 75 (31.1%) | 35 (29.2%) | 40 (33.1%) |
| Very low food security | 27 (11.2%) | 15 (12.5%) | 12 (9.9%) |
| Receives Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits, n (%) | 98 (40.7%) | 52 (43.3%) | 46 (38.0%) |
| Receives Unemployment, Social Security or Disability benefits, n (%) | 15 (6.2%) | 9 (7.5%) | 6 (5.0%) |
| Child receives free or reduced price school breakfast or lunch, n (%) | 218 (90.5%) | 107 (89.2%) | 111 (91.7%) |
| Child medical insurance, n (%) | |||
| Uninsured | 15 (6.2%) | 10 (8.3%) | 5 (4.1%) |
| Public insurance | 186 (77.2%) | 88 (73.3%) | 98 (81.0%) |
| Private insurance (Kaiser or other private medical insurance) | 40 (16.6%) | 22 (18.3%) | 18 (14.9%) |
| Child born in the U.S., n (%) | 217 (90.0%) | 107 (89.2%) | 110 (90.9%) |
| TV in the room where child sleeps, n (%) | 161 (66.8%) | 87 (72.5%) | 74 (61.2%) |
| Number of Televisions in home, n (sd) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.3 (0.9) | 2.3 (1.1) |
| Girls: Self-assessed breast maturation, n (% of girls) | |||
| Stage 1 | 38 (28.4%) | 22 (31.9%) | 16 (24.6%) |
| Stage 2 | 44 (32.8%) | 21 (30.4%) | 23 (35.4%) |
| Stage 3 | 48 (35.8%) | 25 (36.2%) | 23 (35.4%) |
| Stage 4 | 4 (3.0%) | 1 (1.4%) | 3 (4.6%) |
| Stage 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Girls: Self-assessed pubic hair maturation, n (% of girls) | |||
| Stage 1 | 78 (58.2%) | 40 (58.0%) | 38 (58.5%) |
| Stage 2 | 26 (19.4%) | 16 (23.2%) | 10 (15.4%) |
| Stage 3 | 21 (15.7%) | 8 (11.6%) | 13 (20.0%) |
| Stage 4 | 8 (6.0%) | 4 (5.8%) | 4 (6.2%) |
| Stage 5 | 1 (0.7%) | 1 (1.4%) | 0 |
| Girls: Entered puberty (stage 2 or greater for breast and/or pubic hair), n (% of girls) | 100 (74.6%) | 50 (72.5%) | 50 (76.9%) |
| Girls: Menarche, n (%) | 12 (9.0%) | 6 (8.7%) | 6 (9.2%) |
| Boys: Self-assessed testes maturation, n (% of boys) | |||
| Stage 1 | 44 (41.1%) | 23 (45.1%) | 21 (37.5%) |
| Stage 2 | 53 (49.5%) | 23 (45.1%) | 30 (53.6%) |
| Stage 3 | 10 (9.3%) | 5 (9.8%) | 5 (8.9%) |
| Stage 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Stage 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Boys: Self-assessed pubic hair maturation, n (% of boys) | |||
| Stage 1 | 52 (48.6%) | 25 (49.0%) | 27 (48.2%) |
| Stage 2 | 44 (41.1%) | 20 (39.2%) | 24 (42.9%) |
| Stage 3 | 10 (9.3%) | 5 (9.8%) | 5 (8.9%) |
| Stage 4 | 1 (0.9%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 |
| Stage 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Boys: Entered puberty (stage 2 or greater for testes and/or pubic hair), n (% of boys) | 74 (69.2%) | 33 (64.7%) | 41 (73.2%) |
| Index Parent Health Literacy (NVS), n (%) | |||
| High likelihood of limited literacy | 130 (53.9%) | 62 (51.7%) | 68 (56.2%) |
| Possibility of limited literacy | 77 (32.0%) | 41 (34.2%) | 36 (29.8%) |
| Adequate literacy | 34 (14.1%) | 17 (14.2%) | 17 (14.0%) |
| Child’s unsupervised time at home, mean hours per week (sd) | 1.1 (3.4) | 1.4 (3.9) | 0.9 (2.8) |
| ≥ 1 Life events experienced in past year, n (%) | 59 (24.5%) | 32 (26.7%) | 27 (22.3%) |