Table 2.
Basic demographic and clinical parameters in relation to cluster analysis.
| Parameter | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | Cluster 4 | p 1 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 18 | N = 23 | N = 26 | N = 28 | ||
| Age (years) | 64.94 ± 7.32b | 64.17 ± 6.23b | 57.38 ± 6.83 | 59.25 ± 8.75 | <0.001 |
| Gender (M/F) | 10/8 | 13/10 | 12/14 | 15/13 | 0.8852 |
| T2DM duration (years) | 8.64 ± 1.49b,c | 6.72 ± 3.10b,c | 4.6 ± 2.63 | 5.05 ± 2.88 | <0.0013 |
| Vitamin D level (nmol/L) | 57.84 ± 11.46a,b | 84.55 ± 22.66b,c | 49.27 ± 16.95 | 53.78 ± 22.36 | <0.0013 |
| Insulin (μU/L) | 10.28 ± 4.69c | 8.11 ± 3.59b,c | 13 ± 5.47 | 14.86 ± 6.6 | <0.0013 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.13 ± 1.84a | 2.67 ± 1.23b,c | 3.99 ± 1.82 | 5.59 ± 2.98 | 0.0013 |
| FG (mmol/L) | 9.13 ± 1.19a,b,c | 7.39 ± 0.97 | 6.91 ± 0.87c | 8.31 ± 2.07 | <0.0013 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.47 ± 0.82a,b | 6.23 ± 0.58c | 6.37 ± 0.79 | 6.87 ± 1.02 | <0.001 |
| eAG (mmol/L) | 9.34 ± 1.33a,b | 7.35 ± 0.93c | 7.57 ± 1.27 | 8.36 ± 1.61 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 85.61 ± 18.74 | 77.38 ± 19.76 | 80.15 ± 17.47 | 85.29 ± 24.32 | 0.8023 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.09 ± 1.05c | 5.3 ± 0.82c | 4.61 ± 0.82c | 6.83 ± 0.99 | <0.001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 2.01 ± 0.67a | 1.24 ± 0.49c | 1.41 ± 0.66c | 2.57 ± 1.25 | <0.0013 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.20 ± 0.30a | 1.55 ± 0.39 | 1.29 ± 0.26a | 1.22 ± 0.22a | 0.003 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 3.01 ± 0.92c | 3.18 ± 0.78c | 2.67 ± 0.75c | 4.65 ± 1.45 | <0.0013 |
| AST (IU/L) | 18 ± 4.07 | 20.7 ± 4.64 | 19.08 ± 3.75 | 21.68 ± 9.99 | 0.1443 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 18 ± 7.46b,c | 21.09 ± 8.49c | 21.81 ± 7.48c | 33.18 ± 28.23 | 0.0043 |
| ALP (IU/L) | 62.39 ± 16.23 | 59.43 ± 11.9 | 65.19 ± 16.44 | 62.11 ± 14.72 | 0.6453 |
| GGT (IU/L) | 23.61 ± 14.55 | 18.73 ± 7.55c | 21.73 ± 11.85c | 29.07 ± 15.30 | 0.0253 |
| Ca (mmol/L) | 2.43 ± 0.12 | 12.05 ± 46.2 | 2.38 ± 0.13 | 2.41 ± 0.10 | 0.154 |
| Ca++ (mmol/L) | 1.15 ± 0.06 | 1.13 ± 0.06 | 1.14 ± 0.09 | 1.15 ± 0.06 | 0.645 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 3.02 ± 3.17 | 1.82 ± 1.84 | 3.82 ± 5.11 | 2.41 ± 1.8 | 0.4183 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 47.35 ± 2.34c | 48.59 ± 1.84 | 47.73 ± 2.05c | 49.62 ± 2.38 | 0.010 |
| WC (cm) | 104.19 ± 8.95 | 99.43 ± 10.04 | 107.17 ± 12.86 | 104.23 ± 8.74 | 0.253 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.33 ± 3.01 | 27.55 ± 3.84 | 32.08 ± 5.72a,c | 28.23 ± 6.32 | 0.036 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.19 ± 19.76 | 131.95 ± 22.15 | 134.23 ± 21.68 | 145.87 ± 19.01 | 0.062 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.5 ± 8.28 | 78.25 ± 8.54 | 83.98 ± 13.38 | 86.17 ± 10.96 | 0.097 |
| TYG | 9.54 ± 0.33a,b | 8.82 ± 0.41c | 8.86 ± 0.45c | 9.92 ± 0.53 | <0.001 |
1ANOVA; 2chi square; 3Kruskal-Wallis test; avs. cluster 2; bvs. cluster 3; cvs. cluster 4.