Table 2.
Multilevel multivariable results for magnitude and its individual/household and community level factors of child marriage among women aged 18-49 years: evidence from 2018 Mali DHS.
| Variable | Model 0 | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women's educational level | ||||
| No formal education (ref) | ||||
| Primary school | 1.05 (0.89-1.23) | 1.02 (0.87-1.20) | ||
| Secondary school | 0.71 (0.60-0.85)∗∗∗ | 0.71 (0.60-0.85)∗∗∗ | ||
| Higher | 0.24 (0.13-0.43)∗∗∗ | 0.25 (0.14-0.44)∗∗∗ | ||
| Husband educational level | ||||
| No formal education (ref) | ||||
| Primary school | 0.93 (0.78-1.11) | 0.94 (0.78-1.12) | ||
| Secondary school | 0.86 (0.72-1.02) | 0.87 (0.73-1.03) | ||
| Higher | 0.63 (0.46-0.86)∗∗ | 0.64 (0.47-0.87)∗∗ | ||
| Women occupation | ||||
| Not working (ref) | ||||
| Professional or technical or managerial | 0.50 (0.33-0.77)∗∗ | 0.50 (0.33-0.77)∗∗ | ||
| Sales | 1.00 (0.87-1.14) | 1.02 (0.90-1.17) | ||
| Agricultural self-employed | 1.33 (1.13-1.56)∗∗ | 1.17 (1.00-1.38) | ||
| Services | 1.14 (0.91-1.44) | 1.10 (0.88-1.38) | ||
| Others | 0.81 (0.53-1.22) | 0.84 (0.55-1.27) | ||
| Husband occupation | ||||
| Not working (ref) | ||||
| Professional or technical or managerial | 1.06 (0.82-1.36) | 1.06 (0.82-1.37) | ||
| Sales | 1.19 (0.97-1.45) | 1.22 (0.99-1.50) | ||
| Agricultural self-employed | 1.11 (0.91-1.34) | 1.12 (0.92-1.35) | ||
| Services | 0.95 (0.77-1.18) | 0.99 (0.80-1.23) | ||
| Others | 1.19 (0.92-1.55) | 1.18 (0.91-1.53) | ||
| Economic status | ||||
| Poorest (ref) | ||||
| Poorer | 1.03 (0.87-1.22) | 1.00 (0.85-1.19) | ||
| Middle | 0.94 (0.79-1.12) | 0.90 (0.76-1.07) | ||
| Richer | 0.94 (0.77-1.14) | 0.98 (0.78-1.22) | ||
| Richest | 0.61 (0.49-0.77)∗∗∗ | 0.80 (0.59-1.08) | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Bambara (ref) | ||||
| Malinke | 1.16 (0.93-1.46) | 0.97 (0.77-1.22) | ||
| Peulh | 1.02 (0.85-1.23) | 1.02 (0.85-1.22) | ||
| Sarakole/soninke/marka | 1.16 (0.92-1.44) | 1.01 (0.80-1.26) | ||
| Sonrae | 0.90 (0.73-1.12) | 1.10 (0.83-1.47) | ||
| Dogon | 0.69 (0.53-0.90)∗∗ | 0.96 (0.72-1.29) | ||
| Touareg/Bella | 0.77 (0.59-0.99)∗ | 1.01 (0.71-1.43) | ||
| Senoufo/minianka | 0.73 (0.59-0.92)∗∗ | 0.73 (0.58-0.92)∗∗ | ||
| Other Malian | 0.88 (0.68-1.13) | 0.90 (0.70-1.15) | ||
| Others | 0.61 (0.41-0.91)∗ | 0.72 (0.50-1.06) | ||
| Media exposure | ||||
| No (ref) | ||||
| Yes | 1.11 (0.97-1.26) | 1.13 (1.00-1.29) | ||
| Family size | ||||
| <5 (ref) | ||||
| 5+ | 1.14 (1.02 − 1.28)∗ | 1.16 (1.03-1.30)∗∗ | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban (ref) | ||||
| Rural | 0.91 (0.70-1.17) | 0.95 (0.72-1.25) | ||
| Distance to health facility | ||||
| Big problem (ref) | ||||
| Not a big problem | 0.90 (0.81-1.01) | 0.93 (0.83-1.05) | ||
| Region | ||||
| Kayes (ref) | ||||
| Koulikoro | 0.65 (0.50-0.83)∗∗ | 0.68 (0.52-0.90)∗∗ | ||
| Sikasso | 0.51 (0.40-0.66)∗∗∗ | 0.59 (0.44-0.78)∗∗∗ | ||
| Segou | 0.37 (0.29-0.48)∗∗∗ | 0.39 (0.29-0.51)∗∗∗ | ||
| Mopti | 0.28 (0.21-0.37)∗∗∗ | 0.27 (0.19-0.39)∗∗∗ | ||
| Toumbouctou | 0.53 (0.40-0.71)∗∗∗ | 0.50 (0.35-0.72)∗∗∗ | ||
| Gao | 0.35 (0.25-0.47)∗∗∗ | 0.33 (0.22-0.50)∗∗∗ | ||
| Kidal | 0.24 (0.16-0.35)∗∗∗ | 0.30 (0.17-0.50)∗∗∗ | ||
| Bamako | 0.36 (0.26-0.49)∗∗∗ | 0.41 (0.29-0.58)∗∗∗ | ||
| Community literacy level | ||||
| Low (ref) | ||||
| Medium | 0.95 (0.81-1.11) | 0.96 (0.81-1.14) | ||
| High | 0.68 (0.52-0.88)∗∗ | 0.78 (0.59-1.03) | ||
| Community socioeconomic status | ||||
| Low (ref) | ||||
| Medium | 0.89 (0.72-1.12) | 0.97 (0.76-1.24) | ||
| High | 0.69 (0.52-0.90)∗∗ | 0.88 (0.64-1.21) | ||
| Random effect result | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.43 (0.34-0.54) | 0.23 (0.16-0.32) | 0.14 (0.10-0.21) | 0.14 (0.09-0.21) |
| ICC | 0.11 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| LR test | 357.81 | 100.98 | 64.42 | 47.61 |
| Wald chi-square and P value | Ref | χ 2 = 255.73, P < 0.001 | χ 2 = 268.89, P < 0.001 | χ 2 = 385.69, P < 0.001 |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | -5534.34 | -4868.39 | -5430.90 | -4818.24 |
| AIC | 11072.68 | 9802.79 | 10893.82 | 9730.49 |
| PSU | 345 | 345 | 345 | 345 |
Notes: ref reference, ∗significant at P < 0.05, ∗∗significant at P < 0.01, ∗∗∗significant at P < 0.001. ICC: intraclass correlation; AIC: Akaike information criterion; PSU: primary sampling unit.