Table 6.
Nutraceutical applications of mulberry.
| Biological activity | Extract | Species/Part | Salient findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antioxidant | Ethyl acetate | M. alba/ fruit | M. alba fruit extract showed excellent in vitro radical-scavenging activities against DPPH and superoxide anion radicals and increase antioxidant enzymatic activities like SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px in STZ-induced mice | Wang et al., 2013 |
| Ethanol | M. alba/leave | Moracin extracted from M. alba leave exhibited antioxidant activity better than resveratrol | Tu et al., 2019 | |
| Ethanol | M. nigra/fruit | Polysaccharides in M. nigra fruit exhibited the strongest protective effect on H2O2-induced oxidative injury in PC12 cells | Wang et al., 2018 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/ stem | M. alba stem extract increase superoxide and NO scavenging activity as well as iron reducing capacity in vitro | Pham et al., 2017 | |
| Powdered leaves mixed with diet. | M. indica/leave | M. indica leaf powder resulted in improvement of antioxidant enzymes viz., GPx glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) SOD in STZ induced wistar rats | Andallu and Varadacharyulu, 2003 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/ fruit | Flavnoids extracted from M. alba fruit showed antioxidant activity both in vitro DPPH scavenging activity and reducing power and in vivo hemolysis induced by H2O2 in mice was reduced | Raman et al., 2016 | |
| Freeze dried powder | M. alba/fruit | Freeze dried M. alba fruit resulted in increased activity of SOD and GSH-Px activity and lipid peroxidation was reduced in HFD induced wistar rats | Yang et al., 2010 | |
| Methanol | M. alba/leave | Isolated astragalin showed strong prevention effect against free radical-induced oxidative hemolysis of human red blood cells and GSH depletion in RBCs | Choi et al., 2013 | |
| Aqueous | M. alba/leaves | Separated flavonoids exhibited peroxyl radical-scavenging capacity and CAC against 2, 2′-Azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and Cu2+induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells | Kim and Jang, 2011 | |
| Anti-diabetic | Ethyl acetate | M. alba/fruit | Soluble extract of M. alba fruit decrease fasting blood glucose (FBG) FBG and glycosylated serum protein (GSP) in STZ-induced diabetic mice | Wang et al., 2013 |
| Aqueous | M. alba/leave | M. alba leave decoction decreased blood glucose levels, inhibited hepatic glycogen loss, and prevented potential histopathological alterations in the pancreas and kidneys in STZ induced brown rat | Khyade and Hershko, 2018 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/stem bark | Significant alterations in glutathione and insulin level and blood glucose level was observed in STZ induced diabetic rats | S ALAnazi et al., 2017 | |
| Hydroalcoholic | M. alba/leave | Chlorogenic acid and rutin responsible for anti-diabetic effect in STZ induced newborn Sprague-Dawley rats | Hunyadi et al., 2012 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/branches | Oxyresveratrol significantly reduced FPG in STZ-induced diabetic ICR mouse | Ahn et al., 2017 | |
| Ethanolic | M. nigra/leave | Ethanolic extract may aid in preventing liver and kidney tissue damage in STZ induced rats | Hago et al., 2019 | |
| Powdered leaf (mixed with diet) | M. indica/leave | Decrease in lipid peroxidation and the activity of CAT in erythrocytes in STZ induced albino rats | Andallu and Varadacharyulu, 2003 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/fruit | Polysaccharides like arabinose, galactose, and glucose exhibited excellent invitro hypoglycaemic effects | Chen et al., 2016 | |
| Hydroalcoholic | M. multicaulis/ branch bark | Significant inhibition in activity α-glycosidase was observed in vitro and regulation of mRNA expression of glycometabolism genes including glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) and glucokinase (GCK) in STZ induced diabetic mice | Liu et al., 2014 | |
| Hydroalcoholic | M. alba/fruit | Anthocyanins have protection effect against β-cell damage in carboxy methyl cellulose treated Zucker diabetic fatty rats | Sarikaphuti et al., 2013 | |
| Anti-microbial | Ethanol | M. alba/leave | Purified and isolated DNJ inhibited the overgrowth and biofilm formation of S. mutans | Islam et al., 2008 |
| Methanol | M. nigra/leave | Significant anti-microbial and antioxidant properties, by the ability to increase antioxidant levels was observed against some pathogens. | Zhou et al., 2019 | |
| Ethanolic | M. alba/leave | Inhibition against large population of pathogens | De Oliveira et al., 2015 | |
| Ethanolic | M. nigra/stem bark and wood | Oxyreversterol, moracin, morusin, kuwanon isolated from wood and stem bark exhibited anti-microbial against some pathogens | Mazimba et al., 2011 | |
| Aqueous, hydroalcoholic and methanol | M. alba/fruit | It showed inhibitory effect against some pathogens | Dimitrijević et al., 2014 | |
| Methanol | M. alba/root | Kuwanon G possessed antibacterial activity against some oral pathogens | Park et al., 2003 | |
| Methanol | M. alba/root | Kuwanon L, sanggenons B, C, D, G, moracin P, and sanggenol A, showed potential anti-microbial activities against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli | Ristivojević et al, 2019 | |
| Ethyl acetate | M. alba/twig | Isolated oxyresveratrol exhibit inhibitory effect against Trichophyton rubrum with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 mg/mL | Lu et al., 2017 | |
| Methanol | M. alba/ leave | Isolated compounds chalcomoracin and moracin C inhibited the growth of S. aureus | Kim et al., 2012 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/leave | M. alba possess excellent antibacterial activity against periodontal disease | Gunjal et al., 2015 | |
| Hyperlipidemia | Freeze-dried powder | M. alba/fruit | Significant decrease in the atherogenic index and decrease in liver TG, TC and LDL in wistar rats fed with HFD | Yang et al., 2010 |
| Methanol | M. alba/root bark | Isolated compounds Albanol A and Albanol B significantly reduce in resistance towards major atherogenic modifications was observed in HFD fed hypercholesterolemia wistar rats | El-Beshbishy et al., 2006 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/root | Purified stilbenoids decrease in serum lipids, coronary artery risk index, and atherogenic index in high-cholesterol diet-induced hyperlipidemia Sprague Dawley rats | Jo et al., 2014 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/fruit | Significantly ameliorated LXRa-mediated lipogenesis and hepatic fibrosis markers such as smooth muscle actin in HFD induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice | Ann et al., 2015 | |
| Aqueous | M. alba leaves | M. alba (1%) for twelve weeks might help prevent atherosclerosis involving the underlying mechanism of its anti-oxidative activity | Harauma et al., 2007 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/leave | M. alba resulted in a decrease in TG, TC, and LDL in triton WR-1339 induced hyperlipidemic ICR mice | Chen and Li, 2007 | |
| Aqueous | M. alba/leave | Decrease in body weight and adipose tissue mass in HFD fed mice was observed | Lee et al., 2008 | |
| Anti-inflammatory | Hydroalcoholic | M. nigra/fruit | Secondary metabolites significantly decreased the number of leukocytes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum levels of TNF | De Pádua Lúcio et al., 2018 |
| Methanol | M. alba root bark | Purified compounds albanol B, sanggenon B and sanggenon D exhibited inhibitory effects on NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 | Wu et al., 2020 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba fruit | M. alba fruit at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight improves the learning and spatial memory in APP/PS1 transgenic mice | Liu and Du, 2020 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba fruit | Phenolic compound has a positive effect on neuroprotection in AD | Qiao et al., 2015 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/stem | Morus in at a dose of 5 and 10 mg/kg delayed onset of convulsion and significantly increased level of brain GABA | Gupta et al., 2014 | |
| Methanol | M. atropurpurea, M. bombycis and M. alba/branch | Bioactive constituent oxyresveratrol, is involved in the inhibition of CXCR-4-mediated chemotaxis and MEK/ERK pathway in T cells | Chen et al., 2013 | |
| Methanol | M. alba/twig | Isolated compounds apigenin, albanin D, morachalcone A and mulberranol reduced the expression of reduced LPS iNOS and LPS-induced expression of COX-2 protein | Tran et al., 2017 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/stem | M. alba stem at a particular concentration may significantly suppress P. gingivalis LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA and protein expression | Yiemwattana et al., 2018 | |
| Ethanol | M. alba/stem | Inhibition of the expression of COX- 2 mRNA and iNOS protein expression using RTPCR in LPS-induced RAW264.7cells | (Yiemwattana et al., 2018) | |
| Anti-cancerous | Methanol | M. alba/leave | Morin extracted from methanolic extract of mulberry leaves exert an anti-cancerous potential in HeLa with an IC50 of 214.28 μM | Zhang et al., 2018 |
| Ethanol | M. fructus/leave | Oral administration of ethanolic extract in Balb/c nude mouse with subcutaneous U87MG glioma cells reduced tumor volume | Jeong et al., 2010 | |
| Aqueous | M. alba leave | Preventive effect on obesity-mediated liver cancer in HepG2 cell proliferation | Chang et al., 2018 |