Table 1.
Concentration of emerging contaminants in combined sewer overflows
| Emerging contaminant | Family/use | Monitoring strategy | Mean concentration (ng L−1) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diclofenac | NSAID | Grab samples of five CSOs collected during intensive rainfall. Number of replicates range from one to seven (14 samples in total). Samples collected from Aire and Calder catchments, Yorkshire, UK | 74–388 | A |
| Erythromycin | Antibiotic | < 5–1603 | ||
| Ibuprofen | NSAID | 76–2734 | ||
| Mefenamic acid | NSAID | < 5–19 | ||
| Propranolol | Beta-blocker | < 5–11 | ||
| Ibuprofen | NSAID | Single grab sample of sewage overflow. Sample collected from Cooks River catchment, Sydney, Australia. | 244 | B |
| Naproxen | NSAID | 25 | ||
| Caffeine | Stimulant | Grab samples collected by automated sampler during CSO events at two locations. Eight and two CSO events captured (125 and 10 samples collected, respectively). Samples collected from sewer of Greater Montreal Area, Canada. | 270 and 3248 | C |
| Carbamazepine | Antiepilepsy | 184 and 4 | ||
| Paracetamol | Analgesic | 3591 | ||
| Theophylline | Stimulant | 2381 and 57 | ||
| Acesulfame | Sweetener | Volume-proportional samples collected during CSO events at one location (seven CSO events captured – 25 samples collected in total). Samples collected from WTP South-West of Stuttgart, Germany. | 2965 | D |
| Atenolol | Beta-blocker | 41 | ||
| Bezafibrate | Lipid-regulator | 90 | ||
| Caffeine | Stimulant | 9030 | ||
| Carbamazepine | Antiepilepsy | 84 | ||
| Diatrizoate | Contrast agent | 19 | ||
| Diclofenac | NSAID | 157 | ||
| Galaxolide | Musk | 184 | ||
| Ibuprofen | NSAID | 1239 | ||
| Iohexol | Contrast agent | 144 | ||
| Iomeprol | Contrast agent | 207 | ||
| Iopamidol | Contrast agent | 95 | ||
| Iopromide | Contrast agent | 212 | ||
| Metoprolol | Beta-blocker | 200 | ||
| Naproxen | NSAID | 118 | ||
| Propranolol | Beta-blocker | 9 | ||
| Sulfamethoxazole | Antibiotic | 23 | ||
| Sucralose | Sweetener | 752 | ||
| Tonalide | Musk | 31 | ||
| Triclosan | Antibacterial | 122 | ||
| Caffeine | Stimulant | Grab samples of two CSOs following 24.5 mm of rainfall over 11 hours following six days without rainfall. Samples collected from Jung-rang Creek area, South Korea. | 2149 | E |
| Iohexol | Contrast agent | 1165 | ||
| Iopamidol | Contrast agent | 2394 | ||
| Iopromide | Contrast agent | 940 | ||
| Carbamazepine | Antiepilepsy | Passive samplers deployed at three locations in Switzerland (10 events captured). | 49–170a | F |
| Clarithromycin | Antibiotic | 54–55a | ||
| Diclofenac | NSAID | 13–860a | ||
| Carbamazepine | Antiepilepsy | Passive samplers deployed at 20 locations in Switzerland (95 events captured). | 250–4800 | G |
| Diclofenac | NSAID | 78–1000 |