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. 2021 Jun 29;11:13444. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92942-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Modification of the tumor microenvironment induced by proton therapy: immunomonitoring of lymphoid and myeloid cells after proton therapy. At 7 and 14 days after PT, flow cytometry monitoring (FCM) was performed on dissociated tumors. Antitumor immune cell (CD8⁺ T cells, CD4⁺ T cells, Natural Killer (NK) cells, tumor associated macrophages (TAM) 1 and CD8⁺ Granzyme B⁺ (GrzB) and pro-tumor cell (myeloid derived suppressor cells (Mo-MDSC), Treg T cells and TAM2) infiltration was quantified. Black: non-irradiated control, Red: 16.4 Gy PT. All data were expressed in percentages of total cells, except for CD8⁺T cells Granzyme B⁺ which were expressed in percentages of CD8 + T cells. All data are shown with box and whisker plots, with min to max values obtained from 4–5 independent samples per point. The results are expressed as mean ± SEM. The non-parametric Mann–Whitney test was used. *p < 0.05.