TABLE 2.

The microorganisms affecting the metabolism of TMAO, carnitine, choline and betaine.

Classification	Genus or species	References
TMAO
Actinobacteria	Micrococcus, Mobiluncus	Robinson et al. (1952), Cruden and Galask. (1988)
Firmicutes	Bacillus, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Sarcina	Robinson et al. (1952)
Proteobacteria	Campylobacter, Escherichia, Pseudomonas	Sellars et al. (2002), Chen et al. (2011), Denby et al. (2015)
Choline
Actinobacteria	Olsenella, Mobiluncus Spiegel and Roberts	Craciun and Balskus. (2012), Martínez-del Campo et al. (2015), Fennema et al. (2016)
Firmicutes	Anaerococcus, Clostridium, Streptococcus, Desulfitobacterium, Bacillus	Craciun and Balskus. (2012), Romano et al. (2015); Martínez-del Campo et al. (2015), Fennema et al. (2016), Rath et al. (2017)
Proteobacteria	Desulfovibrio, Edwardsiella, Proteus, Providencia, Yokenella	Craciun and Balskus. (2012), Romano et al. (2015), Fennema et al. (2016)
Carnitine
Proteobacteria	Acinetobacter, Citrobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Bacillus	Zhu et al. (2014), Meadows and Wargo. (2015), Rath et al. (2017)
Betaine
Firmicutes	Eubacterium, Sporomusa, Fusiformis	Hormann and Andreesen. (1989), Fennema et al. (2016)