Table 5.
Biofortification of cereals to increase their vitamin content (mg/100 g).
| Vitamin | Crop | Gene | Original | Enhanced | Fold change | %RDA Original | %RDA Enhanced | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | BREEDING TECHNIQUE | |||||||
| Maize (β-carotene) | Chx/reduction | 0.23 | 1.8 | 8 | 0.1 | 100 | (57, 58) | |
| Maize (β-carotene) | Chx/reduction | 0.14 | 1.3 | 9.3 | 0.08 | 72 | (59, 60) | |
| GENETIC MODIFICATION | ||||||||
| Maize (β-carotene) | PSY, CrtI | 0.035 | 5.9 | 169 | 0.02 | 328 | (61, 62) | |
| Wheat (β-carotene) | psy1, Chx (reduction) | 0.016 | 0.5 | 31 | 0.01 | 28 | (63, 64) | |
| Wheat (Total carotenoid) | psy1, CrtI | 0.046 | 0.5 | 10.8 | 0.03 | 28 | (65, 66) | |
| Rice (β-carotene) | psy1, CrtI | 0.16 | 3.7 | 23 | 0.09 | 206 | (67, 68) | |
| Sorghum (β-carotene) | HGGT | 0.05 | 1.23 | 24.6 | 0.03 | 68 | (57, 69) | |
| B1 | GENETIC MODIFICATION | |||||||
| Rice | THIC, THID | 0.34 | 1.7 | 5 | 0.14 | 71 | (63, 70) | |
| B3 (Tryptophan%) | BREEDING TECHNIQUE | |||||||
| Maize | o2 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 1.7 | NA | NA | (59, 71) | |
| Maize | o2, o16 | 0.004 | 0.012 | 3 | NA | NA | (65, 72) | |
| B6 | GENETIC MODIFICATION | |||||||
| Rice | PDX1, PDX2 | 0.1 | 0.32 | 3.1 | 0.04 | 12 | (73, 74) | |
| B9 | Rice | GTPCHI8, ADCS | 0.017 | 1.7 | 100 | 0.02 | 213 | (73, 75) |
| GTPCHI8, ADCS, FPG | 0.017 | 2.53 | 150 | 0.02 | 316 | (76, 77) | ||
| Wheat | Gm8gGCH1, LeADCS | 0.028 | 0.06 | 2.3 | 0.035 | 7.5 | (78, 79) | |
| Corn | GTPCH1, ADCS | 0.093 | 0.2 | 2 | 0.12 | 25 | (61, 62) | |
| C | GENETIC MODIFICATION | |||||||
| Corn | DHAR | 1.75 | 10.7 | 6 | 0.01 | 5.9 | (61, 62) | |
| E (α-tocopherol) | BREEDING TECHNIQUE | |||||||
| Corn | VTE4-mutation | 0.476 | 3 | 6.3 | 0.02 | 10 | (4, 69) | |
| VTE4-transfer | 0.64 | 4.2 | 6.5 | 0.02 | 14 | (80) | ||
| GENETIC MODIFICATION | ||||||||
| Corn | HPPD, MPBQ-MT | 0.29 | 0.9 | 3 | 0.01 | 3 | (62, 81) | |
| GmTMT2a | 0.1 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.003 | 15 | (82, 83) | ||
%RDA has been calculated after taking into account 50% processing losses.
PSY, phytoene synthase; Chx, β-carotene hydroxylase 1; CrtI, carotene desaturase; HGGT, Homogentisate geranyl geranyl tranferase; THIC, 4-amino-2-methyl-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine monophosphate synthase; THID, HMP-P kinase; PDX, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate synthase; GTPCHI, triphoshpate cyclohydrolase I; ADCS, aminodeoxychorismate synthase; FPG, folate binding protein; DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase; TMT, γ-tocopherol methyl transferase; HPPD, 4-hydoxyphenyl-pruvate dioxygenase; MPBQ-MT, 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinolmethyltransferase. The bold values are showing drastic increase in %RDA of vitamins.