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. 2021 Jun 29;11:13464. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92941-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cellular IFN response mediated by SARS-CoV-2 proteins in HeLa cells. Cells were co-transfected with pIFN-β-Luc (0.5 μg) (A), or pISRE-Luc (0.5 μg) (B), along with pRL-TK (0.05 μg) and each (0.5 μg) of indicated SARS-CoV-2 genes. At 24 h post-transfection, the cells were transfected again with 0.5 μg of poly(I:C) for stimulation for 16 h (A), or incubated with IFN-β (1000 UI/ml) for 6 h (B). Cell lysates were then prepared for luciferase assays using the Dual Luciferase assay system according to the manufacture’s instruction (Promega). Relative luciferase activities were obtained by normalizing the firefly luciferase to Renilla luciferase activities. Values of the relative luciferase activity in the pXJ41 control group were set as 1, and the values for individual viral proteins were normalized using that of the pXJ41 control. Error bars mean ± standard deviation (s.d.). (n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.