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. 2021 Jun 29;11:13456. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92644-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Surface detection results, sample moved. Samples of VivoTrax SPIOs (Magnetic Insight, Alameda, CA) of varying concentrations in 18 µL glass bulbs are moved to (gray shaded region) and away from (not shaded) the surface/end of the detector. The transmit field at the detector’s surface is 25 kHz, 14.3 mT peak, produced with 29.5 A peak current. This is pulsed in 72 ms bursts with a 450 ms pause time, for a 16% duty cycle. The first quarter of the received pulse is discarded to remove transient effects, for a total 54 ms received pulse every 450 ms, and each data point shows the magnitude of the 3f $_{0}$ frequency component of the received pulse. Preamplifier gain is 500. In post-processing, a two-term exponential magnitude drift is removed in order to overlay the trials. DI water in the same glass bulb and plastic sample holder serves as an experimental control. A plot of the measured signal magnitudes (“avg sig diff”) as a function of SPIO quantity can be found in supplementary figure S4 to illustrate the linearity of MPI signal with iron content.